FIELD  SYSTEM 


BY 

FRANK  B.  QILBRETH 

M.  AM.Soc.  M.E. 
GENERAL  CONTRACTOR 

NEW  YORK 


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FIELD  SYSTEM 


BY 

FRANK  B.  QILBRETH 

M.  AM.Soc.  M.E. 
GENERAL  CONTRACTOR 

NEW  YORK 


NEW  YORK   AND    CHICAGO 

THE  MYRON  C.  CLARK  PUBLISHING  CO. 

1908 


COPYRIGHT 
1904-1906-1907 

BY 
FRANK  B.  GILBRETH 


THE  GILBRETH  "FIELD  SYSTEM."* 

How  a  Successful  Contractor  Has  Solved  the  Account- 
ing Problem — Loose  Leaf  Memoranda   Take 
the  Place  of  Cash  Book,  Journal  and 
Ledger — High-Priced  Bookkeepers 
Are  Unnecessary. 


BY    JOHN    P.    SLACK. 

Organization  in  the  contracting  field  presents  two 
phases  which  often  seem  to  greatly  diverge.  One,  the 
possibilities  in  theory,  and  the  other,  the  possibilities 
in  practice.  It  is  in  the  application  of  theory,  in  its 
reduction  to  an  ultimate  working  basis,  that  proof  lies. 
The  proof  of  the  pudding  lies  in  the  eating  no  less 
truly  than  the  proof  of  theory  in  the  result  of  its  ap- 
plication. The  factor  which  varies,  and  which  often 
brings  apparently  logical  theories  to  an  unfortunate 
conclusion,  is  the  difference  between  working  condi- 
tions which  obtain  in  actuality,  and  ideal  conditions 
which  unfortunately  exist  only  in  theory. 

*This  article,  which  appeared  in  "The  Business  World"  for  No- 
vember, 1907,  should  be  read  by  every  owner  of  this  book,  because  it 
dearly  outlines  the  dependence  of  Gilbreth's  office  system  upon  his  "Field 
System."  It  shows  how  the  loose-leaf  reports  from  the  field  are  made 
to  serve  the  place  of  an  elaborate  set  of  books,  and  how  it  becomes 
unnecessary  to  employ  high-priced  bookkeepers. 


359473 


The  i.lirc'jtior:  of  a  large  body  of  men  of  various 
degrees  of  intelligence,  working  in  different  localities, 
some  perhaps  far  removed  from  headquarters,  is  a 
proposition  requiring  experience,  brains,  and  a  highly 
specialized  training  in  the  art  of  handling  men.  The 
large  contractor  executing  many  contracts  simultane- 
ously has  this  proposition  to  face,  and  the  problems 
which  must  be  solved  are  many  and  puzzling. 

The  manufacturer  as  a  rule  groups  his  tools,  hu- 
man and  mechanical,  at  one  location,  possibly  under 
one  roof,  in  any  case  in  one  plant.  His  forces,  under 
effective  direction,  may  work  as  a  unit;  one  branch 
of  the  industry  is-  within  sound  of  the  whir  of  ma- 
chinery incident  to  the  next  step  in  the  process  of 
manufacture.  Such  contact  makes  for  unity,  and  sys- 
tem may  more  nearly  follow  the  points  of  least  resist- 
ance. A  contractor  has  no  such  grouping  of  his  forces 
by  location  to  aid  him.  One  structure  is  erected  in 
one  state  and  another  perhaps  a  thousand  miles  dis- 
tant. The  one  building  may  be  a  factory,  the  other  a 
city  sky-scraper.  Both  are  structures,  but  further  than 
this  the  analogy  may  cease.  Such  conditions,  peculiar 
as  they  are  to  the  industry,  must  be  met  by  a  complete- 
ness of  organization,  and  by  an  effectiveness  and  com- 
prehensiveness of  systematization,  which  will  make  for 
results  in  the  strenuous  competition  which  obtains  in 
the  building  trade. 

A  notable  instance  of  the  application  of  a  work- 
ing system  through  which  field  work  may  be  executed 
from  beginning  to  end  is  found  in  the  organization  of 

4 


Frank  B.  Gilbreth  of  New  York.  His  "Field  Sys- 
tem" has  become  almost  a  by-word  in  the  building 
trades,  since  its  completeness  and  effectiveness  have 
been  excelled  by  no  contractor's  working  system  which 
has  yet  been  devised.  It  is  by  no  means  the  work  of 
one  man,  or  any  few  men.  Many  of  the  suggestions 
contained  therein  have  emanated  from  the  lips  of  the 
humblest  workmen,  and  none  of  its  effectiveness  is 
lost  through  the  fact  that  such  suggestions  are  ex- 
pressed in  the  terse,  significant  language  of  the  work- 
men themselves. 

For  several  years  previous  to  its  iccent  publica- 
tion the  Gilbreth  "Field  System"  was  open  to  the  in- 
spection only  of  the  men  in  the  employ  of  that  organi- 
zation. Only  a  limited  number  of  copies  of  the  vol- 
ume were  in  existence,  each  being  numbered,  and  the 
possessor  of  each  being  accountable  for  its  return  even 
to  the  extent  of  being  bonded  in  a  small  sum  to  cover 
its  loss.  Notwithstanding  such  precautions,  unscrupu- 
lous competitors  sought  in  many  ways  to  obtain  the 
information  contained  in  this  volume.  Office  boys  were 
bribed,  certain  pages  were  photographed,  and  dis- 
charged superintendents  in  one  or  two  instances  car- 
ried the  book  with  them.  However,  its  publication 
makes  such  attempts  no  longer  necessary,  and  shows 
a  most  broad-minded  and  generous  spirit  on  the  part 
of  the  contractor  as  well. 

A  feature  of  the  Gilbreth  "Field  System"  which 
is  worthy  of  comment,  is  the  system  of  accounting 
without  books,  which  it  outlines  and  which  has  been 


in  practical  use  by  this  organization  for  some  little 
time.  The  idea  is  sufficiently  broad  in  scope  to  make 
it  adaptable  to  other  than  the  needs  of  contractors 
alone,  and  is  so  economical  that  a  number  of  owners 
of  buildings  erected  by  Frank  B.  Gilbreth,  have  adopt- 
ed it  for  use  in  their  factories  as  well.  As  an  illustra- 
tion of  its  effectiveness  in  large  contracts,  there  may 
be  cited  three  complete  industrial  towns  which  the 
Gilbreth  organization  erected,  each  in  the  phenomenal 
time  of  a  few  months ;  one  at  Sprague's  Falls,  Maine, 
one  at  Piercefield,  N.  Y.,  and  another  at  Canton, 
N.  C.  On  each  of  these  contracts  the  system  of 
accounting  without  books,  fully  described  below,  was 
used,  and  the  size  of  the  contracts  alone  furnishes  elo- 
quent testimony  to  the  excellence  of  the  system.  It 
has  been  the  execution  of  such  contracts  as  the  three 
above  noted  which  has  associated  with  the  Gilbreth 
name  the  phrase  of  "towns  to  order"  and  which  amply 
justifies  its  use. 

The  Gilbreth  system  of  accounting  has  been  util- 
ized under  all  kinds  of  local  conditions  in  nearly  all 
the  states,  and  in  the  provinces  of  Canada  as  well.  It 
provides  for  no  cash  book,  journal  nor  ledger,  but  in 
their  place  substitutes  what  is  in  fact  a  systematic  set 
of  memoranda.  Their  completeness  is  such  that  the 
owner  may  see  at  a  glance  each  Saturday  what  the 
total  cost  of  a  given  structure  has  been  up  to  the  previ- 
ous Thursday.  The  system  shows  furthermore,  what 
the  cost  of  materials  will  be  for  the  completion  of  the 
job,  namely,  the  materials  required  in  addition  to  the 


check  bills  as  compared  with  the  initial  estimate  on  the 
cost  of  the  undertaking. 

The  method  of  procedure  is  as  follows : 
When  the  organization  is  awarded  a  contract,  an 
estimate  of  the  total  cost  is  compiled  and  itemized  in 
detail.  Cost  of  labor  and  cost  of  the  materials  for 
each  item  that  enters  into  the  estimate  arw  separated. 
When  this  has  been  done,  a  copy  of  the  estimate  book 
is  given  to  the  owner  for  his  information  as  well. 
When  materials  are  to  be  purchased,  the  regular  form 
of  order  (see  O  10382,  page  65)  is  given  to  the  man 
furnishing  the  materials  and  a  duplicate  of  this  order 
is  sent  to  the  clerk  on  the  job,  and  by  him  is  placed  on 
a  Shannon  File  alphabetically,  under  the  name  of  the 
firm  furnishing  the  materials.  On  their  receipt,  the 
job  clerk  gives  the  person  furnishing  such  materials  a 
ticket  for  each  portion  of  the  shipment  (see  P  543, 
page  68),  retaining  a  duplicate  copy  of  the  partial  re- 
ceipt on  a  Shannon  File. 

When  goods  are  shipped,  the  firm  furnishing  the 
materials  is  required  to  forward  duplicate  bills  to  the 
job.  These  bills  are  immediately  filed  alphabetically 
on  a  Shannon  File.  The  clerk  permanently  attaches 
the  order  O  10382  (page  65)  to  the  file,  and  thus 
checks  and  approves  "prices  correct,"  and  the  terms 
and  conditions  of  the  order.  The  bill  does  not  receive 
its  final  checking  until  he  has  attached  as  well  a  "final 
shipment"  form  such  as  P  543  (page  68),  or  the  stub 
of  O  10382,  to  the  bill.  After  the  clerk  has  attached  to 
the  bill  the  "order"  which  checks  the  price,  terms 

7 


and  conditions,  the  "final  shipment"  receipt  which 
proves  the  goods  received  on  the  job  with  quantities 
and  cost  correct,  it  is  then  checked  and  approved  by 
the  timekeeper  (see  bill  stamp).  The  bill  is  then  num- 
bered beginning  with  one,  and  as  the  bills  are  checked 
the  latest  number  is  placed  on  the  top  of  the  file  and 
then  bound  with  McGill  fasteners.  These  bills,  in 
packages  of  one  to  fifty,  correspond  to  the  journal 
pages  in  an  ordinary  set  of  books,  and  are  permanent- 
ly filed  numerically,  whereas  on  the  index  file  they 
were  placed  alphabetically  under  the  name  of  the  man 
furnishing  the  goods.  All  bills  of  the  job  are  then 
either  on  index  file  where  they  can  readily  be  found 
alphabetically,  or  else  they  are  permanently  located  on 
the  check  bill  file  numerically,  and  may  be  referred  to 
only  by  their  number. 

It  is  desirable,  for  many  reasons  other  than  that 
of  checking  up  actual  cost  of  the  work  as  compared 
with  the  estimate,  to  have  labor  and  material  separated 
in  the  accounts.  Consequently,  the  "M"  sheet  has 
been  devised  (see  M  15702,  page  62),  on  which  bills 
for  material  are  listed.  It  will  be  seen  that  one  line 
is  sufficient  for  any  one  bill,  and  that  the  name  of  the 
party  furnishing  the  materials  may  be  placed  under 
the  "Remarks"  column.  The  bill  number  column  serves 
as  the  posted  column  of  a  ledger,  while  material  sheet 
number  will  be  seen  on  the  bill  stamp  on  the  next  to 
the  last  line. 

After  bills  have  been  listed  on  the  "M"  sheet,  they 
are  filed  away  for  reference  only  in  case  of  dispute, 

8 


since  the  "M'?  sheet  will  give  all  the  information  re- 
quired to  the  owner  or  the  representative  of  the  con- 
tractor who  is  responsible  for  the  cost  of  the  job  not 
exceeding  the  estimate. 

As  quickly  as  these  "M"  sheets  have  been  filled  out, 
they  are  listed  on  a  cost  report  (see  CR  126,  page  72). 
This  cost  report  simply  deals  with  the  "M"  sheet 
number,  its  date  and  its  total.  The  system  for  labor 
accounting  is  still  more  simple  than  the  method  of 
recording  the  cost  of  material.  The  time  book  is 
made  in  triplicate,  one  copy  of  which  is  forwarded  to 
the  owner  each  week,  one  copy  retained  in  the  book 
on  the  job,  and  one  copy  forwarded  to  the  main  office 
of  the  contractor. 

The  problem  of  eliminating  the  cost  of  entering 
footings  from  the  time  book  into  an  ordinary  ledger 
and  then  handling  in  accordance  with  the  usual  meth- 
ods, is  met  as  follows: 

The  time  book  (TB)  sheet  (page  59)  is  filed 
according  to  date,  the  most  recent  on  top,  and  is 
secured  with  McGill  fasteners.  These  time  sheets  are 
then  entered  in  the  first  column  of  the  cost  report 
sheet  (CR,  page  72),  merely  by  writing  in  the  TB 
sheet  the  number,  the  date  and  the  amount.  It  will  be 
seen  that  the  total  of  column  number  one  in  the 
cost  report  sheet  (page  72)  is  then  the  total  cost  of 
the  labor  to  date.  Added  to  the  total  of  column  num- 
ber two  in  the  cost  report  (the  total  cost  of  materials 
which  has  been  actually  checked  as  to  quantities,  prices 
and  extensions),  the  cost  of  all  checked  and  approved 

9 


items  to  date,  is  given.  Thus  far,  the  cost  report  does 
not  differ  in  great  degree  from  the  usual  form  of 
book-keeping  as  found  in  every  well-conducted  con- 
tractor's office.  It  is,  however,  incomplete  in  that  it 
does  not  contain  full  particulars  for  the  information 
of  the  owner  as  to  the  real  cost  and  liability  of  the 
contract  to  date.  Therefore,  columns  numbers  three, 
four  and  five  have  been  added  to  this  cost  report  sheet 
for  the  following  data: 

Column  three  is  the  same  as  column  two,  except 
that  it  contains  the  record  of  materials  bought  and 
delivered  to  the  office  direct  instead  of  to  the  job. 
This  column  is  seldom  used,  but  occasionally  it  be- 
comes necessary. 

Column  four  is  for  such  items  as,  for  instance,  the 
balance  of  $2,000  ot\  a  $5,000  plumbing  contract, 
$3,000  of  which,  as  payment  on  account,  has  been 
approved  and  entered  on  the  "M"  sheets  as  included 
in  column  two. 

Column  five  is  to  include  the  full  complement  of 
"orders."  Copies  of  these  are  sent  by  the  purchasing 
department  of  the  contractor's  main  office  to  the  job 
for  items  such  as  interior  marble  work,  etc.,  the 
materials  for  which  have  been  purchased,  and  the 
work  on  which  is  being  executed  in  some  shop  or 
quarry,  perhaps  many  miles  from  the  site  of  the  build- 
ing. At  the  same  time,  such  an  item  eventually  be- 
comes a  liability,  and  consequently,  each  week,  the 
time-keeper  goes  through  his  Shannon  File  of  "O's" 
(see  page  65)  or  orders,  and  sees  that  each  and  every 
one  not  yet  attached  to  a  bill  is  listed  in  column  five, 

10 


taking  care  to  include  all  items  of  the  previous  week's 
cost  report,  minus  those  attached  to  checked  bills  dur- 
ing the  week  following.  The  cost  report  thus  com- 
piled becomes  useful  to  a  great  many  people  who  are 
interested  in  the  contract.  The  superintendent  is  con- 
stantly reminded  how  the  labor  item  is  running  on 
his  contract  as  compared  with  what  is  expected  of 
him  on  the  cost  of  labor. 

Columns  numbers  one,  two  and  three  of  the 
cost  report  (page  72)  show  the  total  cost 
of  check  items  to  date,  and  so  far  as  the  actual 
bookkeeping  is  concerned,  the  accounting  department 
uses  only  these  first  three  columns.  The  superin- 
tendent, contractor  and  owner  are  able  to  see  at  a 
glance  how  the  fractional  cost  of  the  contract  to  date 
is  comparing  with  the  estimate  made  and  given  by  the 
contractor  to  the  owner.  The  item  of  unfinished  labor 
is  the  only  indefinite  one,  and  variation  from  that 
source  is  narrowed  down  more  and  more  closely  each 
week. 

"O's"  (page  65)  or  orders  show  the  actual  price 
for  which  materials  will  be  delivered.  They  also  show 
the  comparison  with  the  contractor's  original  estimate. 
It  is  customary  with  the  Gilbreth  organization  to 
have  the  owner  approve  each  "O"  before  the  contract 
is  awarded,  thus  enabling  the  owner  to  see  exactly 
what  expenditure  will  be  made  for  materials,  as  com- 
pared with  figures  in  estimate  book,  before  such  ma- 
terials are  actually  purchased.  Therefore,  the  only 
item  left  in  question  is  the  eventual  total  of  column 
one,  viz.,  the  labor  column. 

11 


In  summarizing  this  system  as  a  unit,  and  the 
functions  for  which  it  has  been  devised,  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  check  bill  file  becomes  the  journal.  Listing 
of  bills  on  the  "M"  sheet  (page  62)  is  the  same  as  a 
ledger  made  up  of  footings  of  columns,  while  the  clerk 
who  simply  follows  out  the  directions  written  in  the 
blank  spaces  on  these  manifold  books,  has,  perhaps 
unconsciously,  become  a  bookkeeper.  This  phase  of 
the  system  has  proved  especially  advantageous,  since 
few  bookkeepers  are  good  outside  men,  and  outside 
men  are  almost  never  good  bookkeepers.  Further- 
more, it  comes  within  the  comprehension  of  the  prac- 
tical superintendent  of  the  job,  who  has  probably 
worked  his  way  up  from  apprentice  boy  or  a  technical 
graduate,  and  has  never  had  real  training  in  the  prin- 
ciples of  practical  bookkeeping. 

The  Gilbreth  system  of  accounting  without  books 
accomplishes,  then,  six  things : 

1.  It  does  away  with  experienced  or  high-priced 
bookkeepers. 

2.  It  shows  the  cost  of  the  job  each  Saturday 
up  to  the  previous  Thursday  night. 

3.  It  shows  the  owner  the  cost  of  the  materials 
before  they  are  bought. 

4.  It  shows  constantly  the  comparative  cost  of 
the  work  with  the  contractor's  estimate  book. 

5.  It  is  a  system  of  bookkeeping  without  books. 
It  files  the  original  memorandum  and  saves  cost  of 
copying  and  errors  of  copying. 

6.  It  saves  the  cost  of  expert  bookkeeping. 

12 


GENERAL   OUTLINES    OF   FIELD   SYSTEM 

This  system  contains  the  written  ideas  of  the 
most  successful  men  in  our  employ. 

In  printing  it  we  have  in  view  the  following  aims : 

1.  TO  HAVE  THE  BEST  PRACTICE  in  all 
departments    put   in    writing   for    the    benefit   of    all 
employees. 

2.  TO   AVOID   REPEATING   ORALLY,  by 
putting  in  writing,  all  those  instructions  from  which 
Lhere  are  no  exceptions. 

3.  TO  MAINTAIN  THE  POLICY  OF  THIS 
FIRM,  namely — that  the  best  work  will  in  the  long 
run  bring  us  the  most  profit,  success  and  satisfaction. 

Maintaining  this  system  has  contributed  to  our 
success.  It  has  enabled  us  to  make  a  specialty  of 
"speed  work,"  because  our  superintendents,  foremen 
and  timekeepers  are  trained  on  the  "duplicate  part" 
system. 

As  our  organization  is  built  thus,  like  a  machine, 
we  can  supply  additional  foremen,  who,  being  already 
trained  to  their  duties,  know  what  is  expected  of  them 
and  can  take  charge  of  the  work  immediately  at  any 
point. 

13 


; 


Nothing  in  this  system  hinders  progress.  Im- 
provements will  be  incorporated  as  approved.  These 
rules  in  their  present  condition  have  been  proved  good 
by  the  great  increase  in  our  business  during  their  use. 

All  employees  must  follow  these  rules  to  the  letter 
unless  they  receive  written  permission  to  suspend  cer- 
tain rules. 

Employees  who  fail  to  abide  by  the  spirit  of  these 
rules  will  not  receive  promotion. 

We  shall  appreciate  and  will  pay  money  for  sug- 
gestions that  will  improve  this  system. 


UNDER  OUR 
"COST-PLUS-A-FIXED-SUM"  CONTRACT 

we  furnish  all  superintendence,  labor  and  materials, 
and  complete  the  project  for  actual  cost  plus  a  fixed 
sum.  To  owners  desiring  speed  combined  with  econ- 
omy, this  form  of  contract  has  the  following  advan- 
tages : 

The  owner's  and  the  contractor's  interests  are 
made  identical. 

The  ozvner  knows  in  advance  exactly  how  much 
the  contractor's  profit  will  be. 

The  owner's  interests  require  that  the  work  be 
executed  in  the  shortest  possible  time  at  the  lowest 
possible  cost  and  with  the  best  quality  of  workman- 
ship. 

The  owner's  interests  are  absolutely  identical  with 
those  of  the  contractor  in  every  one  of  these  particu- 
lars, because  his  profit  or  salary  being  assured,  the 
contractor's  only  .interest  is  to  perform  the  work  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  retain  the  Owner's  patronage. 

The  owner  is  relieved  of  the  menace  of  "extras" 
— all  the  work  is  done  at  cost.  The  contractor's  fixed 
sum  is  in  no  way  affected  by  the  changes  in  the  plans. 

15 


The  owner  has  the  benefit  of  all  cash  discounts 
for  materials. 

The  owner  knows  what  all  materials  will  cost  be- 
fore they  are  purchased. 

The  owner  gets  the  benefit  of  the  lists  of  mate- 
rials we  have  on  file  which  the  various  dealers  have 
in  stock  ready  for  immediate  delivery. 

The  owner  has  the  advantages  derived  from  ac- 
curate schedules  and  shop  drawings  made  for  our  pur- 
chasing department. 

The  owner  has  the  use  of  our  purchasing  depart- 
ment, which  is  constantly  in  touch  with  the  best  class 
of  sub-contractors  and  material  dealers  in  several 
cities. 

The  owner  can  purchase  the  materials  if  he  so  de- 
sires. 

The  owner  can  have  his  excavation  and  founda- 
tions completed  while  plans  for  the  superstructure  are 
being  drawn. 

The  owner,  Engineer  or  Architect  can  make 
changes  and  alterations  at  any  time  without  delaying 
the  work. 

The  owner  has  the  benefit  of  the  saving  occasion- 
ed by  special  designs  for  all  kinds  of  labor  saving  de- 
vices. 

The  owner  can  have  any  number  of  skilled  and 
carefully  trained  mechanics  massed  on  his  contract  at 
a  moment's  notice. 

The  owner  has  at  his  command  our  mechanical 
and  steam  engineers,  and  riggers  for  unloading  and 

16 


setting  all  kinds  of  engines,  boilers,  pumps,  machin- 
ery, shafting,  piping,  generators,  conveyors,  etc. 

The  owner,  Engineer  and  Architect  have  at  their 
command  the  services  of  our  specially  trained  staff  of 
civil,  mechanical  and  concrete  engineers. 

The  owner  knows  what  the  contractor's  profit  is 
to  be,  from  the  very  outset  of  the  work.  It  is  the 
same  amount  irrespective  of  the  cost  of  the  work,  and 
there  is,  therefore,  no  incentive  for  the  contractor  to 
produce  anything  but  substantial  and  economical  work. 

The  owner  has  his  building  at  a  minimum  cost. 

The  owner  has  his  building  completed  as  rapidly 
as  is  consistent  with  good  workmanship. 

The  oivner,  or  his  authorized  representative,  has 
access  at  all  times  to  all  matters  pertaining  to  the 
work. 

Every  superintendent  and  foreman  should  use 
special  efforts  at  all  times  to  secure  the  greatest  speed 
and  at  the  same  time  be  economical. 

Speed  is  more  often  secured  by  organization  than 
by  crowding  the  work  with  a  large  number  of  men. 

There  is  no  way  that  speed  can  be  obtained  so 
easily,  with  so  little  confusion,  and  with  so  little 
trouble  to  the  superintendent  and  foreman  as  by 
dividing  the  job  into  several  portions  and  then  by 
dividing  any  one  kind  of  work  into  several  similar 
portions,  placing  a  working  foreman  and  the  same 
number  of  men  on  each  portion. 

Workmen  like  athletic  contests  and  will  enter  into  \ 
the  spirit  of  them  quite  as  quickly  and  with  the 

17 


spirit  of  rivalry  as  a  college  trained  team.  Therefore, 
the  men  will  be  interested  in  their  work  to  a  larger 
extent  if  it  is  understood  at  the  time  that  the  several 
gangs  start  on  the  several  pieces  of  work  that  there 
is  to  be  an  athletic  contest. 

Contests  of  this  kind  not  only  give  great  speed 
and  reduce  cost,  but  they  also  enable  the  superintend- 
ent to  recognize  foremen  and  mechanics  of  ability 
and  promote  them  to  higher  positions. 

In  carrying  out  this  scheme,  careful  attention 
must  be  given  to  the  following  points : 

(a)  The  work  should  be  divided  into  similar 

portions  and  conducted  under  approxi- 
mately the  same  conditions. 

(b)  The  same  number  of  men  should  be  on 

each  portion. 

(c)  The  same  amount  and  kind  of  plant  should 

be  utilized  on  each  portion. 

(d)  It  has  been  found  advisable  in  some  cases 

to  arrange  the  men  in  accordance  with 
their  nationality  or  other  bonds  of  sym- 
pathy. 

I  (e)  Recognition  in  the  form  of  promotion  or 
increase  of  pay  to  the  working  foreman 
whose  men  do  the  most  and  best  work. 

An  increase  of  20  per  cent  in  the  total  day's 
work  was  the  result  on  one  of  our  jobs  because  the 
superintendent  permitted  the  pile  driver  gang  that 
drove  the  most  piles  one  day  to  float  their  country's 
flag  from  the  top  of  the  machine  all  the  next  day. 

13 


When  contests  cannot  be  forced  by  pride  of  vic- 
tory alone,  the  reward  of  an  extra  half  hour  or  hour 
to  each  member  of  the  winning  gang  has  been  found 
very  effective.  On  one  of  our  jobs  it  was  found  that 
an  extra  hour  to  the  winning  gang  unloading  cars 
of  brick  cut  down  the  total  labor  expense  nearly  50 
per  cent. 

Example  No.  1 :  If  two  brick  walls  can  be 
started  at  the  same  time  with  the  same  number  of 
bricklayers  and  laborers,  the  men  will  undoubtedly 
lay  more  brick  than  they  would  if  no  athletic  contest 
were  taking  place.  It  is  advisable  also  to  place  an 
even  number  of  men  on  each  wall  so  that  the  same 
number  will  be  on  each  side  of  the  team,  and  there 
can  then  be  made  a  contest  to  see  which  side  lays 
out  its  line  first. 

Example  No.  2:  If  a  concrete  wall  is  to  be 
constructed,  it  can  generally  be  divided  up  into  rows 
of  columns  and  bays,  and  if  the  same  number  of  rows 
of  columns  be  given  to  the  same  number  of  men 
and  careful  statistics  kept  as  to  which  one  can  set 
up  the  most  columns  in  a  given  time,  there  is  no 
doubt  but  that  more  work  can  be  accomplished  in 
competition  than  otherwise. 

Example  No.  3:  If  brick  piers  are  to  be  con- 
structed in  a  basement,  there  should  be  at  least  as 
many  bricklayers  start  as  there  are  rows  of  piers. 
They  should  all  start  at  the  same  time  and  the  piers 
should  be  divided  up  preferably  by  rows,  so  that  when 
a  bricklayer  has  finished  his  pier,  instead  of  taking 
the  first  pier  that  comes  along  he  takes  the  next  pier 

19 


in  his  row,  so  that  the  extent  of  the  contest  should  be 
one  entire  row  of  piers  for  each  man. 

By  careful  study  a  superintendent  can  divide  up 
nearly  every  part  of  his  work  on  this  basis.  By  so 
doing,  there  will  be  less  trouble  for  the  foreman  in 
charge.  Money  will  be  saved  for  the  Owner.  More 
speed  will  be  obtained,  all  of  which  will  tend  to  increase 
if  possible  the  popularity  of  ••  Cost- PI us-a- Fixed. 
Sum"  method  of  contracting. 


20 


GENERAL  RULES 

1  A  copy  of  this  Field  System  must  be  kept  in  the 
office  on  each  job. 

2  Address  all  communications  to  Frank  B.  Gilbreth, 
and  not  to  any  other  name.     They  will  then  be  at- 
tended to  promptly  and  not  treated  as  personal  mail. 

3  Notify  office  of  accidents  at  once  by  telephone  or 
telegraph  if  accident  is  serious.    Accident  blanks  must 
be  filled  out,  the  original  mailed  to  insurance   com- 
pany's agent,  and  the  duplicate  to  New  York  Office 
at  once. 

4  Sign  "received,"  with  name  and  date  on  the  back 
of  all  plans,  details,  drawings  or  sketches   (stamp  in 
the   middle   of   the   plan   if   possible),    regardless   of 
where  or  from  whom  the  plans  are  received.     This 
will  prevent  the  substitution  of  blueprints  from  altered 
tracings. 

5  Provide  every  convenience  for  Owners  or  Offi- 
cials who  inspect  your  work. 

6  To  prevent  confusion,  Superintendents  must  do 
business  through  the  Architect  or  Engineer — not  with 
the  Owner  direct. 

7  Estimates  are  not  to  be  given  by  anyone,  at  any 
time,  without  first  consulting  the  Office. 

21 


8  Foremen,      Superintendents      and      Timekeepers 

should  ask  the  Office  for  schedules  of  lumber,  hard- 
ware, iron,  etc.,  to  assist  in  checking  up  the  material 
when  it  is  received. 

Dimension  stone,  window  and  door  frames,  and 
steel,  should  be  checked  for  dimensions  upon  arrival 
at  the  job.  Make  full  report  of  material  received  in 
damaged  condition. 

10  Notify   Office   of   shortages   of  windows,   doors, 
steel,  stone,  etc.,  as  early  as  possible,  to  avoid  waiting 
later. 

11  Get  receipts  for  all  money  paid  and  stock  deliv- 
ered. 

12  When   buying   brick,    remember   that   for    every 
Yz"  that  one  make  of  brick  is  longer  than  another  it 
is  worth  about  10  cents  more  per  1,000.     For  every 
1-16"  that  one  make  of  brick  is  thicker  than  another 
it  is  worth  about  20  cents  more  per  1,000. 

13  Consult  Office   about   itemizing  workmen's   time 
so  that  costs  may  be  compared  with  similar  jobs  and 
with  our  estimate  book. 

14  Every  Superintendent  starting  a  job  shall  write 
to  the  Office  for  definite  instructions  as  to  just  what 
action  to  take  in  regard  to  accidents  to  our  employees. 

15  When  men  are  wanted,  ask  the  Office.    We  have 
men  calling  at  the  Office  every  day,  and  can  sometimes 
send  them  to  a  job  at  once.    Do  not,  however,  depend 
upon  the  Office — get  the  men  yourself  if  possible. 

16  Do  not  bother  the  Office  unnecessarily. 


17  Get  from  foremen  and  workmen  the  names  and 
addresses  of  men  in  other  trades  who  would  be  good 
men  for  us. 

18  Union  laborers  are  to  be  given  preference  at  all 
times,  but  no  nonsense  is  to  be  taken  from  them. 

19  Business  agents  of  unions  are  to  have  full  oppor- 
tunity to  consult  job  stewards.    See  that  they  confine 
themselves  strictly  to  business. 

20  Any  one  of  our  employees  found  guilty  of  dis- 
obeying any  Rule  in  the  Field  System  must  render  an 
explanation  in  writing.    This  explanation  will  be  filed, 
so  that  we  may  find  out  those  who  make  the  least 
mistakes  and  those  who  do  not  understand  the  Rules. 

21  Ignorance  of  the  Rules  in  this  system  excuses  no 
employee. 

22  No  employee  is  to  sign  any  agreement  with  any 
labor  union  without  written  permission  from  F.  B.  G. 

23  Blow  one  blast  of  whistle  at  5  minutes  before 
starting  time. 

Two  blasts  at  starting  time. 

One  blast  at  quitting  time. 

Blasts  of  whistle  to  be  not  over  4.  seconds  long. 

24  All  men  are  expected  to  quit  work  at  quitting 
time  as  promptly  as  they  began  work. 

25  Keep  duplicate  engine  bells  on  the  job  to  avoid 
delay  in  case  of  a  breakdown. 

26  No  smoking  is  allowed  on  the  job  except  to  finish 
noon  smoke — not  over  one  half  hour — and  no  refilling 
of  pipes.    All  steady  pay  men  must  see  that  this  rule 
is  fully  enforced. 

23 


27  On  all  jobs  where  there  is  a  temporary  privy  or 
a  permanent  closet,  there  should  be  kept  a  small  can 
of  chloride  of  lime.    This  can  best  be  handled  in  one 
pound  cans.     Common  lime  is  often  used  as  a  disin- 
fectant, but  is  less  effective  and  costs  more. 

28  No  employee  is  to  sign  an  agreement  with  any- 
one which  will  place  upon  this  firm  any  legal  liability. 
By  this  is  meant  rights-of-way  across   land,   use   of 
buildings,   etc. 

29  When  placing  builders'  risk  fire  insurance  be  sure 
that  our  plant  is  covered,   as   well   as   the  building. 
Also  see  that  the  fire  insurance  policies  include  light- 
ning and  earthquake  clauses. 

30  Superintendents,  foremen  and  timekeepers  are  to 
provide  themselves  with  transit,  steel  tape,  plumb  bob, 
and  Sargent  steel  square  graduated  in  twelfths  and 
sixteenths. 

31  Our  office  force  of  civil,  mechanical,  and  concrete 
engineers  can  be  had  to  lay  out  work  or  assemble 
machinery. 

32  When   a   job   is   completed,    superintendent    and 
timekeeper   must   see  that  all   plans,   letters,   papers, 
manifold  books,  etc.,  are  returned  to  Office,  and  that 
all  White  List  cards  have  been  made  out. 

33  Take  advantage  of  average  freight  service  where- 
ever  possible.    This  system,  which  is  in  force  on  most 
railroads,  is  as  follows : — If  the  usual  time  allowed 
for  unloading  cars  before  demurrage  is   charged  is 
72  hours,  we  are  allowed  an  average  of  72  hours  for 
all  cars   (under  this   system).     That  is,  if  we  save 
24  hours  by  unloading  one  car  in  48  hours,  we  can 

24 


have  this  time  credited  to  us  on  some  other  car  and 
thereby  have  96  hours  to  unload  that  car  before  de- 
murrage charges  commence. 

34  When  piling  lumber: 

Leave  wide  spaces  between  the  boards  or  planks, 
so  that  they  may  dry  more  quickly. 

Give  the  top  layer  considerable  pitch,  so  that 
water  will  drain  off. 

Turn  the  top  layer  over  frequently  to  prevent 
curling. 

35  Do  not  allow   timber  to  lie  in  the  sun  unpro- 
tected; it  causes  checking. 

36  When  sending  a  piece  of  plank  to  the  mill  as  a 
gauge  for  the  working  of  splines,  cut  it  out  of  the 
middle   of   the   plank   and   not    from   the   end.     The 
ends  of  a  plank  shrink  more  than  the  rest,  and  splines 
worked  to  an  end  gauge  will  not  fit. 

37  The  carpenter  with  the  best  tools  should  be  given 
preference   on   all   work,    if   other   qualifications    are 
equal. 

38  When  ordering  new  tools  or  arranging  for  the 
rental  of  plant,  give  preference  to  the  Contractors' 
Machinery  Rental  &  Transportation  Company,  if  their 
prices  are  equal  to  those  of  other  parties. 

39  The  Superintendent  will  be  held  strictly  respon- 
sible for  the  transit,  rod,  etc.,  sent  to  the  job  from 
the  office,  and,  at  the  completion  of  the  work,  to  per- 
sonally see  that  this  is  sent  to  the  New  York  Office, 
and  a  proper  record  of  it  made  in  the  Daily  Letter. 


BATTER  BOARDS 

40  Batter  boards  should  be  planed  on  at  least  one 
side  and  set  with  the  planed  side  toward  the  building. 
They  should  all  be  level  in  themselves,  level  with  each 
other,  and,  if  possible,  level  with  some  particular  part 
of  the  building,  such  as :  Top  of  floor  timbers,  top  of 
finished  floor,  or  top  of  underpinning,  or  at  even  feet 
of  city  grade    (such   as    18'0").     They  should  have 
pencil  lines  carefully  plumbed  and  labeled  similar  to 
the  following: — 

"Outside  line  of  footing;"  "Outside  line  of  foun- 
dation wall ;"  "Outside  line  of  brick  wall ;"  "Inside- 
line  of  brick  wall;"  "Inside  line  of  foundation  wall;" 
"Inside  line  of  footing."  A  little  extra  money  spent 
on  batter  boards  will  not  only  facilitate  the  work  but 
is  good  insurance  against  mistakes, 

41  A  few  bundles  of  strapping  may  often  be  used 
to   advantage   as   measuring  poles,   measuring   sticks 
for  masons,  etc.     Order  some  when  getting  first  load 
of  lumber  for  batter  boards. 


ADDITIONS    AND    CHANGES 

42  Changes   from  the  original  plans  and  specifica- 
tions must  be  ordered  by  the  Architect  or  Engineer 
in   writing.     Insisting   upon   this   rule   may   cause   a 
battle,  but  it  is  best  to  have  the  battle  before  the  ex- 
pense is  incurred, — not  after.     No  exception  to  this 
rule  is  to  be  made  in  favor  of  any  Architect  or  En- 
gineer. 

43  Ask  the  office  for  numbers  to  be  assigned  to  sub- 
divisions. 

TELEPHONE 

44  The  telephone  is  to  be  placed  so  that  the  person 
using  it  can  look  out  on  the  work  while  waiting. 

45  Long  distance  telephone  calls  must  be  recorded. 
Get  blank  form   for  this   from  the  Office  and  hang 
beside  the  telephone. 

46  Post  on  the  outside  of  the  locker  the  location  of 
the  nearest  fire  alarm  box. 

47  Post  near  the  telephone  the  call  numbers  for  the 
hospitals,  ambulance,  police  and  fire  department. 

48  Make   sub-contractors   pay   their   proportion   for 
use  of  telephone. 


PRIZES   FOR 
SUGGESTIONS 


We  desire  to  secure  improvement  in  all  departments  of  our  business,  and 
to  this  end  have  adopted  a  plan  whereby  employees  and  others  may  have  an 
incentive  to  make  suggestions  with  the  assurance  that  all  such  suggestions 
will  have  careful  and  impartial  consideration.  Should  such  suggestions 
prove  of  value,  the  suggester  will  thereby  qualify  to  compete  for  a  series  of 
prizes  to  be  awarded  monthly  to  employees  offering  the  best  suggestions. 

Suggestions  are  invited  from  all  classes  of  employees.  No  suggestion 
need  be  held  back  because  it  appears  to  be  of  little  importance.  The  simplest 
ideas  are  often  valuable. 

Suggestions  lead  to  promotion  and  increased  value.  They  show  an  in- 
terest in  our  work  and  organization,  and  a  capacity  for  greater  responsibilities. 
We  invite  suggestions  upon  methods  or  equipment,  methods  which  will 
cause  more  speed,  economy  or  better  work,  and  other  matters  calculated  to 
advance  the  interests  of  the  business. 

RULES  COVERING  SUGGESTIONS 

All  suggestions  submitted  will  be  under  the  supervision  of  Frank  B.  Gil- 
breth,  personally. 

Write  your  suggestion  and  mail  it  to  F.  B.  G.  marked    personal. 

Suggestions  will  be  considered  promptly.  For  each  suggestion  that  is 
accepted,  the  Company  will  award  the  suggester  the  sum  of  one  dollar,  which 
will  be  sent  to  the  employee  when  he  is  notified  that  his  suggestion  has  been 
accepted.  We  will  then  be  at  liberty  to  adopt  the  suggestion  at  any  time  at 

PRIZES 

We  will  award  monthly  the  sum  of  $20.00  for  the  most  valuable  sugges- 
tions received  during  the  previous  month.  This  amount  will  be  divided  as 
follows: 

FIRST  PRIZE        -       -        $10.00 
SECOND  PRIZE-       -  5.00 

THIRD  PRIZE      -        -  3.00 

FOURTH  PRIZE          -  2.00 

$20.00 

METHOD  OF  AWARDING  PRIZES 

On  the  first  Monday  of  each  month,  employees  who  have  made  sugges- 
tions of  the  greatest  value  during  the  preceding  month,  will  be  awarded  prizes 
in  the  order  of  the  value  of  the  suggestion. 

As  soon  as  the  awards  are  made,  the  prizes  will  be  paid  in  cash,  and 
notices  will  be  posted  giving  the  names  of  the  prize  winners,  together  with  a 
brief  description  of  their  suggestions. 

Per  Order 

FRANK  B.  GILBRETH 


Get  a  copy  of  this  poster  and  tack  it  up  on  the  outside  of  the  office. 


RULES  FOR  SUGGESTIONS  AND  REPORTS 

49  Reports  are   requested  on  the  first  day  of  each 
month  from  everybody  in  our  organization  desiring 
promotion   and   are   to   contain   suggestions — particu- 
larly in  their  own  Department — as  to  how  work  can 
be  done  better,  more  economically,  and  quicker;  how 
better  service  can  be  rendered  to  our  customers,  and 
how  more  jobs  can  be  secured, — or  any  other  sugges- 
tions that  will  tend  to  promote  our  business. 

RUBBER  STAMPS 

50  The  front  side  of  handles  of  rubber  stamps  used 
in  the  office  must  be  cut  off  flat,  so  as  to  avoid  put- 
ting stamps  on  upside  down. 

SIGNALS 

51  Use  the  following  signals  for  elevators: 

1 — Stop    (Emergency) 

2— Up 

3 — Down 

A — Down  slowly 

52  Use  following  signals  on  Boom  Derrick: 

Emergency  stop 
Raise  on  hoisting  fall 
(hoist  behind) 
Lower  on  hoisting  fall 
(lower  behind) 

Slack  out  on  hoisting  fall 

(only  when  all  gone) 


Raise  on  boom  fall 
Lower  on  boom  fall 
Hoist  behind  and  lower 

boom 
-  Lower   behind   and   raise 

boom 

SIGNS 

'  53  The  sign  "Frank  B.  Gilbrcth"  is  to  be  put  where 

it  will  be  the  best  advertisement. 

54  A  portable   sign   "Frank   B.    Gilbreth"   is   to  be 
used  when  taking  photographs  of  "different  views  of 
the  job"   where  the  other  "F.   B.  G."  signs  do  not 
appear. 

55  The  following  signs  will  be  furnished  on  appli- 
cation to  the  Office: — 


No  Admittance  to  Engine  House 

Conversation  with  Engineer 
Sufficient  Cause  for  His  Discharge 


No  Admittance. 


These  Elevators  Are  Dangerous 

Riding  on  Them  Forbidden 

Anyone  Riding  on  Them  Does  So 

at  His   Own  Risk 


This  last  sign  to  be  attached  to  the  elevators. 


STEADY    PAY    MEN 

56  All  steady  pay  men  must  arrive  on  the  job  before 
the  first  whistle  is  sounded,  and  must  remain  on  the 
job   until   quitting   time,    regardless   of   weather,   but 
men  will  not  get  time  for  hanging  around  the  office 
and   reporting  for  duty.     They  must  actually  be  at 
work  at  such  things  as  are  mentioned  below. 

57  The  intention  of  the  above  is  to  abolish  the  past 
customs   regarding  steady  pay   men,   and   applies   to 
everybody,  from  the  Superintendent  down  to  the  Ap- 
prentice Boy,  inclusive. 

58  Foremen    and   timekeepers    must   report   to    the 
Superintendent  before  starting  or  before  leaving  work. 

59  Apprentices  are  subject  to  all  the  rules  of  Steady 
Pay  Men. 

60  When  work  is  stopped  by  bad  weather   Steady 
Pay  Men  shall  keep  busy,  if  there  is  no  other  work 
for  them,  at  the  following : 

A — Making  trestles  and  patent  horses. 

B — Repairing  wheelbarrows. 

C — Repairing  hods. 

D — Mending  hose. 

E — Repairing  engine  houses  and  locker. 

F — Putting  handles  in  tampers. 

31 


G — Cleaning  up  tool  house. 

H — Cleaning  transits. 
I — Preparing  staging  and  runs. 

J — Sharpening  saws. 

K — Sawing  off  handles  of  worthless  shovels. 

L — Checking  up  lines  and  levels. 

M — Checking  up  for  dimensions — :all  steel,  win- 
dow and  door  frames,  dimension  stone,  etc. 

N — Cleaning  and  oiling  steel  tapes. 

O — Cleaning  roof,  so  that  rain  will  not  wash 
rubbish  into  conductor  pipes. 

P — Brushing  off  sills  and  projections,  so  that 
mortar  will  not  make  stains  from  rain. 

Q — Cutting  arches  and  other  fancy  brickwork. 

R — Stamping  and  branding  tools.  Brands  should 
not  be  heated  too  hot;  if  heated  more  than  just 
enough  to  show  red,  the  letters  will  burn  off. 

S — Examining  lime  to  see  that  little  or  none  is  in 
powder. 

T — Examining  cement  to  see  if  "condemned" 
has  been  erased  from  barrel  or  brand. 

U — Piling  cement  and  lime  at  least  6"  above  the 
ground. 

V — Seeing  if  cement  and  lime  are  getting  wet. 
W — Packing  cement  bags. 

X — Cleaning  mortar  from  projections  before  it 
is  set. 

Y — Covering  masonry  projections  to  prevent 
chipping  by  falling  brick. 


61  Pack   cement  bags  laid   flat,   one  on  top  of  the 
other,    in   piles   of   50.      They   can    then  be    counted 
easily.    We  lose  money  by  claims  of  short  count  when 
bags  are  returned.     Apply  to  office  lor  special  tags 
and    shipping   directions.      Freight   must   be   prepaid 
when  cement  bags  are  returned,  and  bills  of  lading 
must  be  obtained  in  duplicate,  or  we  shall  not  be  able 
to  obtain  credit  for  the  shipment. 

62  Pile  cement  and  lime  in  the  store-house  so  that 
the  oldest  will  come  out  first. 

63  Superintendents  and   foremen  have  authority  to 
make  such  tool  boxes  as  may  be  needed  for  storing 
small  tools,  such  as  dolly  rolls,  drills,  points,  chisels, 
hammers,  saws,  axes,  boring  machines,  etc. 

64  Timekeepers    will   be   held    responsible    for   any 
shortcomings  of  Superintendents,  and  vice  versa. 

65  Apprentice  boys  should  be  worked  to  their  full 
capacity.     Help  them  in  every  possible  way  to  learn 
and  get  promoted.     Answer  all  their  questions  about 
work  and  plans,  that  are  asked  in  good  faith. 

66  Every  superintendent,  timekeeper  and  steady  pay 
man  must  suppress  subscriptions  for  presents,  and  all 
other  forms  of  graft. 

67  All  steady  pay  employees,  whether  on  the  job  or 
in   the  office,   must  keep  the   office  notified  of  their 
addresses  at  all  times.     This  rule  also  applies  during 
vacations. 

68  Foremen  masons  and  foremen  carpenters  should 
each  go  out  of  their  way  to  accommodate  the  other, 
and  should  grant  the  requests  of  each  other  promptly. 


69  Foremen   masons,   foremen   carpenters,    foremen 
plasterers,  and  timekeepers,  must  work  in  harmony, 
because  all  steady  pay  men  receive  credit  or  blame 
according  as  the  conduct  of  the  job  is  good  or  bad. 
Teamwork  and  sacrifice  hits  are  often  more  effective 
than  "grand-stand  plays." 

70  We  have  in  the  past  been  awarded  much  work 
on  the  basis  of  cost-plus-a-nxed-sum,  because  we  have 
the  reputation  of  handling  such  work  as  if  it  were 
lump-sum  contract  work.    Maintaining  this  reputation 
is  the  best  service  which  can  be  rendered  this  firm, 
as  we  try  to  merit  the  award  of  contracts  to  us  with- 
out competition.  . 

71  Our  steady  pay  men  are  the  representatives  of 
our  firm :  Therefore,  their  private  character  and  their 
conduct  outside  of  working  hours  will  be  counted  in 
considering  promotions. 

72  Superintendents    are    expected    to    handle    their 
work  with  such  skill,  promptness  and  efficiency  that 
we  shall  continue  to  merit  such  unsolicited  letters  as 
the  following: 

HOLLIS  FRENCH  &  ALLEN  HUBBARD 

CONSULTING  ENGINEERS 

Albany  Bldjf.,  Boston. 

Mr.  F.  B.  Gilbreth,  November  8,  1902. 

Federal  Street, 

Boston,  Mass. 
Dear  Sir  :— 

We  are  very  glad  to  be  able  to  write  you  that 
the  work  which  you  have  done  for  us  on  a  basis  of 
cost  plus  commission,  notably  in  the  work  of  altering 
the  hotel  at  Bellows  Falls  and  enlarging  the  power 


station  canal  at  Garvins   Falls   has  been   most  satis- 
factory. 

The  systematic  way  in  which  your  accounts  are 
rendered,  and  the  prompt  and  efficient  service  which 
you  have  invariably  given  us  has  been  a  source  of 
gratification  to  ourselves  as  well  as  to  our  clients. 

Yours  truly, 
HOLLIS  FRENCH  &  ALLEN  HUBBARD 

OILS,  EXPLOSIVES  AND  ACID 

73  Dynamite  must  not  be  stored  in  the  tool  house. 
Store  it  at  a  safe  distance  from  the  building,  where 
an   explosion   will   do  the   least   damage.      Mark  the 
buildings    "Dangerous."      Fly    a    red    flag    from   the 
dynamite  and  powder  shed. 

74  Dynamite  buried  in  a  box  of  fresh  manure  will 
not  freeze. 

75  Thawing  dynamite  by  placing  in  hot  water  de- 
creases its  strength. 

76  Exploders  should  not  be  stored  near  dynamite. 

77  Gasoline  barrels  should  be  covered  with  oilcloth 
or  wet  bags  to  prevent  evaporation,  which  is  often  a 
large  item. 

78  Gasoline  is  never  to  be  stored  inside  of  a  locker, 
building,  or  tool  house. 

79  Use  sand  to  put  out  burning  oil,  tar,  asphalt,  or 
gasoline. 

80  Acid  is  not  to  be  taken  into   the  locker.     The 
fumes  from  acid  will  destroy  ropes  and  cause  acci- 
dents. 


CARE  OF  TOOLS  AND  MACHINERY 

81  Brand  and  stamp  all  tools  as  soon  as  received. 

All   tools,  especially  concrete  mixers,  are  to  be 
kept  at  all  times  in  perfect  repair. 

83  Small  tools  and  small  fittings  should  be  kept  in 
a  tool  box. 

84  Keep  various  parts  of  machinery  together,  such 
as  handles,  hose,  etc.,  for  mixers ;  handles,  clappers, 
hose  wrenches  and  strainers,  for  pumps ;  crab  handles 
for  derricks,  etc.,  etc. 

85  Foremen  masons   and  carpenters  must   see  that 
all  plumb  rules  and  spirit  levels   are  maintained  ac- 
curate. 

86  Make    home-made     ladders,     when    convenient, 
double  size,  i.  e.,  with  three  or  four  joists,  so  as  to 
permit  workmen  to  pass  on  the  ladder.    Rungs  should 
be  exactly  I'-O"  from  top  to  top. 

87  Worn  out  shovels  should  have  the  handles  sawed 
off,  so  that  they  cannot  be  used ;  or  they  may  be  given 
to  engineers  for  firing.     Shovels  cost  75  cents  each; 
enough  more  work  can  be  done  in  a  short  time  with 
new  shovels  to  pay  for  them. 

88  When  suction  hose  is  destroyed,  save  the  coup- 
lings. 

86 


89  Tools  and  machinery  when  shipped  away  should 
be  complete  and  in  working  order. 

PHOTOGRAPH    SYSTEM 

90  Photographs  are  useful  as  follows : 

For  keeping  Office  employees  in  touch  with  the 
conditions  on  the  jobs. 

For  records  of  adjoining  buildings.  Photograph- 
ing the  cracks  over  the  doors  and  windows  and  in 
other  places,  before  we  start  work,  and  again  after 
our  building  is  completed,  will  show  whether  or  not 
there  has  been  any  settlement  due  to  our  work. 

For  records  in  case  of  a  law  suit,  discords,  or 
misunderstanding. 

For  advertising  purposes. 

91  In  all  cases  we  want  to  have  the  men  taken  while 
they  are  at  work  and  not  standing  up,  posing  for  a 
picture. 

92  If  possible  keep  all  bystanders  out  of  the  picture. 

93  As  soon  as  a  film  is  taken,  mark  on  the  outside 
of  the  wrapper  that  surrounds  it  the  contract  num- 
ber, the  date  on  which  the  picture  was  taken,  and  the 
name  of  the  person  taking  the  picture,  and  send  the 
film   thoroughly   wrapped   up,   so   as   to   exclude   the 
light,  to  our  regular  photographer. 

94  Photographs  of  conditions  made  at  the  time  of  an 
accident  are  always  particularly  important. 

95  Unless  otherwise  directed,   at  least  one   roll  of 
films  should  be  taken  on  each  job  each  week,  and  all 
pictures  on  that  film  should  be  taken  on  the  same  day. 

37 


96  It  being  desirable  that  the  sign  "Frank  B.  Gil- 
breth"  appear  on  all  photographs,  it  will  be  necessary 
for  every  job  to  be  provided   with   a  portable   sign 
which  can  be  moved  from  place  to  place  when  taking 
photographs. 

97  The  Superintendent  will  be  held  strictly  respon- 
sible for  each  camera  sent  to  the  job,  and  at  the  com- 
pletion of  the  work  to  personally  see  that  it  is  sent 
to  the  New  York  Office  by  express,  with  a  proper 
record  of  it  made  in  his  Daily  Letter. 

98  Use  the  films  that  are  made  to  fit  your  camera, 
and  no  others. 

99  Load  your  camera  in  a  shady  place.     The  edges 
of  the  films  are  liable  to  be  light  struck  if  the  camera 
is  loaded  in  the  sunlight. 

100  Don't  point  the  camera  toward  the  sun  at  any 
.    time,  or  let  ihe  sun  enter  the  lens  at  the  edges  at  all. 

101  Unless  your  camera  has  a  fixed  focus,  carefully 
estimate  your  distance  between  the  work  to  be  pho- 
tographed and  your  camera,  and  set  the  focus. 

SNAP  SHOTS 

102  If  you  must  take  snap  shots,    take    them    only 
when  the  sun  is  shining  or  the  day  is  very  bright. 

103  In  snap  shots,   hold  your  camera  firmly  against 
your  body  and  do  not  jar  the  camera  when  you  press 
the  button. 

104  In  snap  shots,  use  the  largest  diaphragm  opening, 
and  so  let  in  all  the  light  possible. 

88 


105  Do  not  take  any  snap  shots  indoors.     It  cannot 
be  done  with  any  success  with  ordinary  lenses. 

106  Do  not  take  snap  shots  after  the  sun  has  set  or 
in  the  early  morning.     From  11  A.  M.  to  2  P.  M. 
is  the  best  time. 

TIME  EXPOSURE 

107  Always   make   time   exposures   unless   there   are 
men  or  teams  working.    These  will  give  you  the  best 
results-  for  work  where  detail  of  building  is  required. 

108  Place  your  camera  on  a  firm,  level  support,  then 
use  the  smallest  opening  in  the  diaphragm  and  expose, 
say  30  seconds  in  sunlight,  or  5  to  10  minutes  on  a 
dull  day.     (These  are  very  rough  estimates,  the  lens, 
light,  size  of  opening  in  diaphragm,  having  to  be  con- 
sidered). 

109  Remember!     There   is   more   danger  of  making 
your  exposure  too  short  than  too  long.     Ninety-nine 
out  of  one  hundred  snap  shots  are  under-exposed. 

INTERIORS 

110  If  possible,  don't  point  the  camera  at  windows 
where  bright  sun  is  streaming  in  or  your  whole  film 
or  plate  will  be  ruined.     If  you  must  take  an  interior 
from  such  a  position  or  facing  any  window,  cover 
the  windows  with  manila  paper  or  draw  the  shades. 
Expose  in  a  well-lighted  room  1  minute.     Expose  in 
a  dark  or  dull  room   15  to  20  minutes.     (These  are 
very  rough  estimates.) 


PHOTOGRAPHING  MOVING  OBJECTS 

111  Use  the  largest  diaphragm  opening  and  quickest 
speed  of  the  shutter.     After  each  exposure  wind  up 
your  film  before  you  do  anything  else,  and  so  avoid 
making  two  exposures  on  one  film. 

112  Write  clearly  the  contract  number  and  date  of 
taking  photograph  on  the  roll  of  film,  after  it  is  sealed. 

113  Orders   for  taking  photographs  must  state  that 
the  plates  are  to  be  delivered  to  us  with  photographs. 

1 14  On  out  of  town  work,  mail  the  prints  to  the  Office, 
and  express  the   negatives   promptly   to  our   regular 
photographer,  as  directed. 

115  All  negatives  to  be  dated  and  numbered. 

116  Prints  not  to  be  mounted. 

117  Shiny  Velox  paper  to  be  used  for  all  prints. 

NUMBERING  AND  DATING  PHOTO- 
GRAPHS 

118  The  following  notation  is  to  be  used  on  all  pho- 
tographs, the  proper  Contract  Number,  Serial  Num- 
ber and  date  being  inserted  in  the  place  indicated : 

119  By  our  regular  photographer,  as  follows: 
A31- 32 -5/16/06. 

120  By  the  job,  when  taking  photographs  which  are 
developed  before  going  to  our  regular  photographer: 
A29  -  J32  -  4/20/07. 

121  By  special  inspector  or  others  : 

A28  -  B21  -  5/20/06,  and  in  no  other  way. 

40 


122  Care  must  always  be  taken  to  use  the  "J,"  "B" 
or  other  serial  letter,  so  as  not  to  duplicate  pictures 
already  taken. 

SUPPLIES  FOR  STARTING   NEW  CONTRACT 

123  When  starting  a  new  job,  the  Superintendent  or 
the  Timekeeper  should  get  at  once  from  the   Office 
the  following: — 

TB.     (Time  Book) 

M.       (Material  Book) 

CR.     (Cost  Report) 

DL.     (Daily  Letter) 

O.        (Order  Pad) 

R.        (Purchase  Requisition) 

PR.     (Pay  Roll  Order) 

T.        (Teaming  Tickets) 

TL.     (Tool  List) 

QL.     (Quotation  List) 

Record  of  Telephone  Calls. 

C.        (Cash  Account) 

Letter  Heads. 

P.        (Partial  Shipment  Pad) 

Expense  Blanks. 

Masons'  Line. 

Business  Cards. 

Paymasters'  Requisitions. 

Discharge  Slips. 

41 


Field  System. 

Accident  Blanks. 

Brass  Numbered  Checks. 

White  List  Cards. 

Rubber  Stamp:  "Prices  correct,  etc." 

Rubber  Stamp :    "Cr." 

Confirmation  Telegram  Blanks. 

Pay  Envelopes. 

Suggestion  Blanks. 

Prize  Suggestion  Notices. 

Large  and  small  envelopes. 

Ink  Pad. 

Signs,  "Frank  B.  Gilbreth,"  "No  Admittance  to 
Engine  House,"  "These  Elevators  are  Dan- 
gerous," etc. 

Special  Accounting  Instructions. 

PERMITS 

124  Permits  to  occupy  the  sidewalk  and  street  can 
be  obtained  promptly  by  applying  at  the  City  Hall. 

125  Permits  to  cross  streets  with  a  guy  are  obtained 
by  application  to  the  Board  of  Aldermen. 

126  Anyone  in  our  employ  may  apply  for  a  permit. 

127  Plans  showing  all  water  and  sewer  pipes  in  the 
street  can  be  seen  at  the  Water  and  Sewer  Depart- 
ments. 

42 


TABLES  AND  FORMULAE 

128  The  following  data  will  be  of  use  in  making  a 
rough  check  on  quantities : 

Granite  measures  12  cu.  ft.  to  the  ton 

Crushed  Granite  measures  20  cu.  ft.  to  the  ton 

Broken  Stone  measures  20  cu.  ft.  to  the  ton 

Sand  measures  20  cu.  ft.  to  the  ton 

Coal  (soft,  broken)  measures  40  cu.  ft.  to  the  ton 

129  To  find  the  weight  of  round  iron  and  steel: — 
Square  the  diameter  in  quarter  inches  and  divide 

by  6.    The  result  will  be  the  weight  per  linear  foot. 

130  To  find  the  weight  of  cast  iron  plates: — Multiply 
the  length  in  inches  by  the  width  in  inches  by  the 
thickness  in  inches  and  divide  by  4.     The  result  will 
be  the  weight  of  the  plates  in  pounds. 

131  To  find  the  feet  board  measure  in  a  stick  of  tim- 
ber:— Multiply  the  width  in  inches  by  the  thickness 
in  inches  and  divide  by  12.    The  result  will  be  the  feet 
board  measure  per  linear  or  running  foot  of  the  stick. 

See  also  pages  116,  117,  118,  129,  130,  136,  148, 
149,  150,  161,  167,  168  and  169. 


MANIFOLD    BOOKS 

132  Manifold  books  must  be  kept  up  to  date. 

133  Manifold  Book  sheets  must  be  sent  to  the  Office 
within  one  day  from  the  date  of  filling  out,  whether 
void  or  not. 

134  Manifold  books  and  letters  from  the  office  must 
be  kept  under  lock  and  key. 

135  Manifold  book  sheets  must  be  filled  out  with  spe- 
cial care  and  accuracy,  as  they  are  shown  to  Engineers 
and  Architects  as  vouchers. 

136  Be  sure  to  always  place  the  Contract  Number  in 
the  space  provided  for  same  on  all  manifold  forms. 

137  Fill  out  sub-division  space  on  all  Manifold  Book 
sheets  that  are  used  for  extra  'work.     This  is  impor- 
tant, for  if  it  is  not  done,  the  work  will  not  be  charged 
to  the  right  account.    If  you  do  not  know  the  Number 
of  the  sub-division,  write  "extra  work"  in  the  "sub- 
div."  space,  and  if  possible,  write  on  the  sheets  what 
part  of  the  work  is  referred  to. 

138  "T"  tickets  must  be  given  at  the  time  the  goods 
are  delivered  or  not  at  all. 

139  If  satisfactory  duplicate  tickets  are  provided  by 
the  teamster,  sign  them  and  keep  one  copy  for  check- 
ing bill. 

44 


140  Unless   teamster   provides   satisfactory   duplicate 
tickets,  give  him  a  "T"  ticket  properly  made  out. 

141  Never  give  two  tickets  for  the  same  goods. 

142  Never   give   "T"   tickets   when   "O"   is   marked 
"received,"  as  you  might  check  two  bills  for  the  same 
goods. 

143  "T"  ticket  and   "OV  are   used  to  check  bills; 
"O's"  check  prices,  but  not  receipt  of  goods  unless 
specially   marked  ''received;"   "T"  checks  the  quan- 
tities received. 

144  When  giving  a  "T"  ticket  for  receipt  of  a  Par- 
tial Shipment  on  any  "O,"  you  are  to  place  the  "T" 
number  on  the  Partial  Shipment  blank. 

145  When  teaming  is  done  by  the  hour,  state  on  the 
ticket  the  number  of  hours  to  be  charged. 

146  When  a  "T"  ticket  is  given  for  stock  or  material 
used  for  extra  work,  the  sub-division  space  must  be 
filled  out.     If  you  do  not  know  the  number  of  the 
"sub-div."  write  "extra  work"  in  the  space.     If  this 
is  not  done,  the  ticket  will  not  be  charged  to  the  right 
account. 

147  Measure  all  stock  delivered  to  us,  whether  bought 
by  weight  or  measurement.    This  applies  particularly 
to  sand,  broken  stone,  granite,  slate  pinners,  loam  and 
gravel. 

148  Count  enough  loads  of  brick  and  measure  enough 
loads  of  lumber  to  insure  receiving  full  count.    Special 
attention  should  be  given  to  loads  that  appear  under 
size. 

45 


149  If  loads  are  short,  write  the  name  of  teamster, 
number  of  cart,  and  amount  of  shortage  on  the  ticket 
for  the  load. 

150  Give  teamsters  full  opportunity  to  measure  loads 
with  our  men.     In  case   of  disagreement  as   to   the 
height  of  any  load,  have  the  top  leveled  off,  so  that 
the  measurement  may  be  accurate. 


WHERE    MANIFOLD    FORMS    ARE   TO    BE 
SENT 

151  TB.  White  copy  to  Accounting  De- 

partment. 
Yellow  copy  to  Owner. 

152  M.  White   to   Accounting   Depart- 

ment. 
Yellow  to  Owner. 

153  CR.  White,  Pink  and  Yellow  to  Ac- 

counting Department. 

1 54  DL.  White  and  Yellow  to  New  York 

Office,    unless    otherwise   in- 
structed! 

155  O.  White  to  Dealer. 

Green  to  Purchasing  Depart- 
ment. 

Yellow  to  Accounting  Depart- 
ment. 

Pink  to  Job  for  reference. 

Blue  to  Job  for  checking  bills. 

156  R.  Green   to   Purchasing   Depart- 

ment. 
Pink  to  be  retained  on  job. 

46 


157  T.  White  to  teamster. 

Yellow  for  checking  bills. 

158  PR.  White  copy  to  Owner  attached 

to  Cash  Account. 
Yellow  copy  to  be  sent  to  Own- 
er with  TB.  Sheets  to  which 
they  apply. 

159  TL.  White  and   Pink  to  man  who 

will  receive  tools. 
Yellow  copy  to  Boston  Office. 

160  Cash  Account.        White    Copy    to    New    York 

Office. 
Yellow  copy  to  Owner. 

161  P.  Green   to   Purchasing  Depart- 

ment. 

Blue  to  check  and  to  attach  to 
original  bill. 

Yellow  to  be  attached  to  dupli- 
cate bill. 

162  Final  Shipment      Pink    to    Purchasing    Depart- 

Stub.  ment. 

Blue    attached    to     (original) 

final  bill. 
Yellow  attached  to  (duplicate) 

final  bill. 


47 


DAILY    LETTER  (DL.) 

163  Daily  Letter  must  be  written  by  the  Timekeeper 
and  countersigned  by  the   Superintendent,  and  must 
state  the  general  conditions  and  progress  of  the  work. 

164  Both  copies  of  the  Daily  Letter  are  to  be  sent 
to  the  New  York  Office  each  day,  unless  otherwise 
instructed  by  the  Office. 

165  Special  attention  must  be  given  to  the  importance 
of  filling  out  every  space  in  the  left  hand  column. 

166  Intelligent  information  must  be  given  in   every 
space. 

167  When  calling  the  attention  of  any  individual  or 
department  at  the  Office,  use  a  separate  "DL."  for 
each  one,   marking  name  or  initials   in   large  letters 
after  "attention  of" 

168  When   answering  a  letter  from  the  New  York 
Office,  place  the  initials  of  the  writer  after  "attention 

.of"— at  the  head  of  the  "DL." 

169  Do  not  have  the  initials  of  two  individuals  appear 
on  one  "DL.,"  but  use  a  separate  "DL."   for  each 
individual  or  department. 

170  Do  not  call  the  attention  of  any  individual  in  the 
general  "DL." 

48 


171  Timekeeper  and  Superintendent  will  be  held  joint- 
ly and  severally  responsible  for  the  accuracy  of  the 
daily  letter,  for  its  compliance  with  the  Held  system, 
and  for  the  omission  of  any  information  which  the 
Office  should  know. 

172  The  daily  letter  should  cover  fully  the  following 
points  : 

A — Shortages  of  stock  as  compared  with  tickets. 
B — An  early  and  complete  statement  when  stone, 

steel,  or  other  stock  does  not  check  with 

plans,  schedules,  or  specifications. 
C— Delays  to  work  due  to  bad  weather,  lack  of 

plans,  or  other  causes. 
D — Delayed  instructions  or  plans  received  from 

the  Owner,  Architect  or  Inspector. 
E — A  general  statement  of  what  work  has  been 

accomplished. 
F — A  statement  when  important  pieces  of  work 

have  been  completed. 
G — Suggestions   as  to   how   work  can   be  done 

faster  or  more  economically. 
H — A  statement  of  how  the  Office  can  assist  to 

rush  the  work. 

I — Confirm    verbal    orders    from    Owner,    In- 
spector or  Architect. 
J — Number  of  masons  employed  and  laborers 

tending  them. 

K — Number  of  bricks  laid  per  hour  per  mason. 
L — Total  number  of  bricks  laid  per  day. 
M — Number  of  carpenters  employed. 

49 


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N — Names  of  steady  pay  men  and  time  any  one 
of  them  is  late. 

O — A  statement  of  how  much  cement  is  wholly 
or  partly  caked,  and  who  is  to  blame. 

P — A  statement  of  carloads  of  stock  received, 
giving  initials  and  number  of  car,  and  con- 
tents of  car. 

Q — Enclose  office  copies  of  manifold  book  tick- 
ets and  stock  tickets. 

R — Enclose  White  List  cards  for  each  good  man 
leaving  us. 

S — Condition  of  weather  and  temperature  at 
8  a.  m.,  12  noon  and  4  p.  m. 

173  Caution:    Do  not  recite  in  daily  letter  the  receipt 
of  stock  for  which  you  have  enclosed  tickets. 

TEAMING   TICKETS  (T) 

174  When  we  deliver  goods  to  another  party,  cross 
out  "Frank  B.  Gilbreth"  on  a  "T"  ticket  and  have  the 
party  receiving  the  goods  sign  his  own  name  instead. 
Give  him  the  white  copy  and  keep  the  yellow  copy 
for  reference. 

175  When   condemned   lumber,   brick   or   cement,   is 
hauled  away,  make  the  teamster  sign  a  "T"  ticket, 
made  out  as  directed  above,  so  that  we  can  get  credit 
for  the  goods. 

176  Teaming  tickets  are  to  be  signed: 

(OWNER'S  NAME) 

FRANK  B.  GILBRETH,  AGENT  FOR  OWNER. 

BY. 

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PAY  ROLL  ORDER  (PR) 

177  Fill  out  "PR"  ticket  whenever  a  man  is  paid  off 
at  any  time  other  than  at  the   regular  time  on  pay 
day,  sending  the  white  copy  to  Owner,  attached  to 
Cash  Account,  and  yellow  copy  to  Owner  with  "TB." 
sheets. 

178  After  the  man  has  been  paid  off,  place  "PR"  and 
the  number  of  the  "PR"  opposite  his  name  or  num- 
ber, in  the  Column  for  ''Remarks"  on  "TB."  sheets, 
which  shows  that  the  man  has  been  paid  off. 

179  Men  paid  by  "PR"  ticket  must  sign  their  names 
on  same. 


FRANK   B.   GILBRETH, 
GENERAL  CONTRACTOR. 

NEW  YORK, 
34  WEST  2STH  ST. 

DISCHARGE  SLIP 

DATE .. ..CON.  NO. 

Time  or  DISCHARGE 

NAME  OR  NUMBER.....  


SUPT    OR  FOREMAN    SIGN  HERE 

HAND  THIS  TO  TtMEKCEPER  AT  ONCC  WITH  BRASS  CHECK. 
fORM  ai-e.ao-os-BOoo 


180  When   a   workman   is   discharged,   the   foreman 
must  make  out  a   "Discharge  Slip"  with  the  man's 
number  and  time  of  his  discharge  written  on  it;  this 
slip  to  be  given  to  the  man  discharged,  who  is  then 
to  hand   it,   with   his  numbered  brass   check,   to   the 
Timekeeper. 

181  A  workman  discharged  cannot  obtain  his  money 
unless  his  check  is  accompanied  with  a  "Discharge 
Slip." 


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NEW  YORK 
34  WEST  26TH  ST. 

DATF  19O  NOT  TRANSFERABLE 

IF  THIS  MAN  IS  NOT  AN  EMPLOYEE 

OF  F.  B.  GILBRETH 

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56 


TIME   BOOK    SHEETS  (TB) 

182  When  men  are  employed  on  extra  work  see  ad- 
ditional directions  below. 

183  Time  sheets  are  to  be  made  upon  our  regular 
"TB."  sheets,  the  week  ending  agreed  upon. 

184  Keep  all  time  books  with  the  greatest  care. 

185  Do  not  use  a  note  "book.    We  find  that  most  mis- 
takes in  workmen's  time  are  caused  by  copying. 

186  All  remarks  about  the  payroll  must  be   written 
on  the  time  sheet  itself. 

187  The  full  time  of  every  one  of  our  men  must  ap- 
pear on  the  regular  time  book  ("TB.")  sheets. 

188  The  time  of  any  of  our  workmen  which  is  to  be 
charged  to  extra  zvork  must  be  entered  on  supple- 
mentary sheets  under  the  proper  sub-division  number. 
Keep  separate  sheets  for  each  "sub-div"  (sub-division) 
and  fill  out  carefully  the  "sub-div"  number  and  nature 
of  work.     Send  these  extra  work  sheets  to  the  Office 
as  soon  as  they  are  signed.     If  you  do  not  know  the 
number  of  the  "sub-div"  write  "extra  work"  in  the 
space. 

189  The   Timekeeper   shall   do   the   figuring  on   the 
sheets. 

57 


190  Total  each  sheet  separately. 

191  The  Timekeeper  shall  make  out  all  pay  envelopes. 

192  Turn  over  the  Yellow  Copy  of  "TB."  sheets  with 
the  pay  envelopes,  and  the  Yellow  "PR's"  which  show 
on  the  "TB."  sheets,  to  the  Owner. 

193  The  Owner  or  his  representative  shall  pay  off 
on  pay  days. 

194  Send  the  White  Copies  of  "TB."  sheets  to  the 
New  York  Office  as  soon  as  the  men  have  been  paid 
off. 

195  When  a  workman  is  paid  with   a  "PR"  order, 
the  number  of  the  "PR"  must  be  entered  in  the  time 
book,  opposite  his  name,  in  the  column  for  ''Remarks." 

196  State  in  the  time  book  the  exact  amount  of  time 
that  steady  pay  men  work,  regardless  of  the  basis  on 
which  they  are  paid. 

197  Consult  the  Office  about  the  wages  of  steady  pay 
men. 

198  The  instructions  on   "Paymasters'  Requisitions" 
must  be  carried  out  carefully. 

199  "TB."  sheets  should  be  signed  by  the  representa- 
tive of  the  Owner  before  being  sent  to  the  New  York 
Office. 

200  Any  envelopes  not  called  for  by  the  workmen  at 
paying  off  time  on  pay  days  are  to  be  kept  by  the 
Owner  until  called  for  by  the  workmen. 

201  When  instructed  to  keep  the  costs  of  labor  and 
materials  on  extra  work  or  subdivisions,  use  "TB." 
sheets  and  "M"  sheets  in  making  up  costs. 

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MATERIAL   SHEETS  (M) 

202  The  White  Copy  of  the  "M"  sheet  is  to  be  at- 
tached to  the  duplicate  bills  which  make  up  the  "M" 
sheet,  and  then  sent  to  the  New  York  Office. 

203  The  Yellow  Copy  of  the  "M"  sheet  is  to  be  at- 
tached to  the  original  copies  of  bills,  which  make  up 
the  "M"  sheet,  and  then  turned  over  to  the  Owner. 
Bills  on  which  there  is  a  discount  are  to  be  handed 
to  Owner  immediately  after  being  entered  on  "M" 
sheet. 

204  All   "M"   sheets  to  be  signed  by  representative 
of  the  Owner  before  being  sent  to  the  New   York 
Office. 

205  All  cash  items,  excepting  Pay  Roll  items,  are  to 
be  entered  on  separate  "M"  sheets. 

206  Do  not  hold  an  "M"  sheet  on  the  job  because  it 
is  not  filled,  but  when  entering  the  "M's"  on  the  Cost 
Report,  enter  them  all,  whether  full  or  not,  and  send 
them  to  the  New  York  Office. 

207  All    material    used,    whether    or    not    especially 
bought  for  extra  work,  must  be  entered  on  "M"  sheets. 

208  Pay  special  attention  to  charging  for  material  left 
over  from  the  contract,  which  is  very  often  used  for 
extra  work  or  a  sub-division. 


209  Sub-division  space  must  be  filled  out  on   "M" 
sheets. 

210  If  you  do  not  know  the  Number  of  the  "Sub-Div" 
write  "extra  work"  in  the  space,  or  a  description  of 
the  work  to  which  the  sheet  refers. 

211  "M"  sheets  must  be  dated,  properly  filled  out  and 
approved  promptly. 

212  Be  sure  that  your  carbon  copies  are  clear  and 
distinct. 

213  Always  use  the  same  wording  in  the  space  for 
"nature  of  work." 

214  Orders  in  writing  must  be  demanded  and  received 
before  changes  are  made  from  original  plans  and  speci- 
fications, whether  these  changes  call  for  "extra  work" 
or   not.     This   will   determine   the   responsibility   for 
changes. 

215  Send  the  original  written  order  to  the  Office  and 
keep  a  copy  for  job  reference. 

216  Ask  the   Office  for  numbers  to  be   assigned  to 
sub-divisions. 

217  To  prevent  confusion,  Superintendents  must  do 
business    through    the    Architect    or    Engineer — not 
through  the  Owner. 


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ORDERS  (O) 

218  When  "O"  form  is  used  on  the  job,  the  green 
and  yellow  copies  are  to  be  sent  at  once  to  the  New 
York  Office. 

PINK  AND  BLUE  COPIES  OF  "O":— 

219  The  Pink  Copy  is  to  be  kept  on  file  in  the  office 
on  the  job  and  carefully  preserved  for  reference  at 
any  time.     The  final  shipment  stub  on  the  bottom  of 
the  pink  copy  is  to  be  filled  out  and  sent  to  the  New 
York  Office  as  soon  as  the  final  shipment  called  for 
on  that  particular  order  is  received. 

220  The  Blue  Copy  is  to  be  attached  and  used  for 
checking  the  bill  for  the  goods.     The  blue  final  ship- 
ment stub  on  the  bottom  of  the  copy  is  to  be  filled  out 
at  the  same  time  with  pink  and  yellow  stub  and  is  to 
be  attached  to  and  used  for  checking  the  bill. 

221  Care  is  to  be  taken  in  filling  out  final  shipment 
stubs  to  see  that  no  duplication  of  the  previous  part 
of  the  order  is  included. 

222  A  complete   description  of  the   goods,   together 
with  any  shortages,  is  to  be  noted  in  all  cases. 

223  The  White  Copy  is   to  be  sent  to   dealer,  with 
instructions  that  bills  be  sent  in  triplicate  to  "Frank 
B.  Gilbreth"  (job  address). 

63 


224  The  Blue  Copy  of  "O"  is  to  be  attached  to  orig- 
inal bill  after  being  checked.     If  the  bill  only  calls 
for  a  partial  shipment,  the  blue  "O"  is  to  be  attached 
just  the  same,  with  the  blue  partial  shipment  blank. 

225  If  there  are  a  number  of  partial  shipments   on 
any  "O,"  the  blue  "O"  is  to  be  attached  to  the  first 
bill,  with  the  blue  partial  shipment  blank  which  covers 
the  material  shown  on  bill. 

226  The  following  bills  which  may  come  in,  applying 
to  same  "O"  and  which  are  partial   shipments,  will 
have  blue  partial  shipment  blanks  attached ;  when  the 
final  bill  comes  in,  attach  the  blue  final  shipment  stub. 

227  If  the  first  bill  .comes  in  calling  for  the  entire 
"O"  and  all  the  material  has  been  received  as  shown 
on  "O,"  the  blue  final  shipment  stub  with  blue  "O" 
is  to  be  attached  to  bill. 

228  The  yellow  partial  and  final  shipment  blanks  are 
to  be  attached  to  the  duplicate  bills,  which  are  to  be 
sent  to  the  Accounting  Department. 

229  Every  duplicate  bill  is  to  have  a  yellow  partial 
shipment  blank  attached,  unless  the  bill  which  comes 
in  calls  for  the  entire  "O,"  or  the  final  shipment,  then 
the  yellow  final  shipment  blank  is  attached  to  duplicate 
bill. 

230  Special  attention  must  be  given  to  the  importance 
of  placing  the  "O"  numbers  in  the  space  provided  for 
same  in  the  "price  correct,  etc."  stamp  on  face  of  bill. 
This  applies  particularly  to  the  duplicate  bills  which 
are  sent  to  the  Accounting  Department. 

231  Itemize  the  final  shipment  on  the  final  shipment 
stub,  so  that  the  Purchasing  Department  can  see  at  a 

64 


:NO    THIS    COPY    TO    CONTRACT    TO    ATTACH    TO    AND    CHECK    BILLS 

FRANK  B.  GILBRETH, 

GENERAL  CONTRACTOR 


NEW    YORK. 
»«    WKST  26th  ST. 

TO  DATE. 

ADDRESS 

SHIP   TO 

BILL   TO 

SEND    BILL   IN  TO 

THIS  ORDER  FILLS  REQUISITION 

TO  BE  USED  FOR 


"LEASE    DELIVER    TO    US    AS    AGENTS    FOR 


WC     RESERVE     RIGHT    TO    CANCEL    ORDER    If    DELIVERY    IS    NOT 


PR-CE  I  O10382 

DELIVERED.  F.    O.   B. 


DATE  OF   DELIVERY 
SHIP  VIA 


CON-  sszs^^tv^is^ 


FRANK  B.  CILBRETH.  AGENT 


'TEAM  GF>~TH~is  STUB'WHEN   FINAL'SHIPM^NT  is  RECEIVED  AND  "USE  FOB  "CHECKING  "BILLS  " 

FRANK  B.  GILBRETH, 

34    WEST   2OTM STREET.  NEW   YORK. 

flNAL  SHIPMENT.  AB  ENUMERATED  BELOW.  CALLED  FOR  ON  ORDER     O       10382 
WA»  RECEIVED  OM  ^  ^  FROM  BY 

DESCRIPTION 


BOH.  SUB 

L± Lil I 

65 


glance  the  exact  amount  of  material  which  was  re- 
ceived on  the  final  shipment.  If  the  first  shipment 
calls  for  the  entire  "O,"  the  final  shipment  stub  must 
show  all  the  material  shown  on  "O." 

232  If  goods  are  received  at  the  time  that  the  "O" 
is  given,  write  "received"  on  "O."     If  goods  are  not 
received  until  later,  do  not  mark  "O"  but  give  a  "T" 
ticket  with  "O"  number  written  on  it. 

233  Do  not  in  any  case  mark  "received"  on  "O"  if 
any  other  ticket  has  been  given.     If  you  do,  the  man 
could  charge  for  the  same  goods  twice. 

234  All  "O's"  must  be  signed  as  follows : 

(OWNER'S  NAME) 

FRANK  B.  GILBRETH,  AGENT 

BY 

235  When  purchasing  material,  a  written  Order  must 
be  given,  no  matter  how  large  or  how  small  the  order. 

236  The  price  is  to  be  filled  in,  in  every  case,  even  if 
necessary  to  hold  back  the  Order  until  price  can  be 
obtained. 

237  Fresh  carbons  are  to  be  used  to  the  extent  that 
will  insure  perfectly  plain  copies. 

238  Be  sure  to  always  specify  in  the  space  provided 
for  same  on  the  colored  copies  of  "O,"  what  the  ma- 
terial is  to  be  used  for. 

OWNER'S  ORDERS 

239  If  the  Owner  orders  goods  direct  on  his  own 
order,  get  three  copies  of  that  order,  one  to  be  sent 
to  Purchasing  Department,  one  to  Accounting  De- 

66 


partment,  the  other  to  be  retained  on  the  job  for 
reference.  This  order  is  to  be  handled  exactly  as 
though  it  were  one  of  our  own  orders,  being  placed 
in  turn  in  fifth  and  fourth  columns  of  cost  report  until 
the  final  bill  comes  in,  calling  for  the  final  shipment. 

Also  make  out  Partial  Shipment  blanks  on  Own- 
er's Orders,  and,  when  a  final  shipment  comes  in,  use 
a  partial  shipment  blank  for  the  final  shipment  stub 
on  the  Owner's  order  only.  Mark  in  large  letters 
"final  shipment"  on  the  Partial  Shipment  blank,  so 
that  we  will  know  it  is  the  Final  Shipment. 

As  "O"  number  cannot  be  placed  in  space  pro- 
vided for  same  on  Partial  Shipment  blank  for  Owner's 
Orders,  it  will  be  necessary  to  place  initials  of  Owner, 
and  date  of  order  in  that  space  provided  for  "O" 
number. 


PARTIAL  SHIPMENT  BLANK   (P) 

242  Partial  shipment  blank  is  to  be  made  out  for  all 
partial  shipments  of  material,  tools,  plant,  etc.,  that 
are  received. 

243  No   matter  by   whom   ordered,   if  the   complete 
shipment  is  received  use  the  final  shipment  stub. 

244  The  "P's"  are  to  be  made  out  and  sent  in  every 
night  for  all  partial  shipments  received  that  day. 

245  The  Green  Copy  is  to  be  sent  to  the  New  York 
Office  immediately. 

246  The  Blue  Copy  is  to  be  retained  on  the  job  to 
check  and  attach  to  original  bill. 

67 


SEND    ONE    OF    THESE    SHEETS    TO    PURCHASING  DEPARTMENT 
N.   Y.   OFFICE  FOR  EACH  PARTIAL  SHIPMENT  RECEIVED. 

FRANK  B.  GILBRETH, 

M.    AM.    SOC.    M.    E. 

34  WEST  26TH  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 


WAS   RECEIVED     ON 


GIVE   SHIPPERS    NAME 


DESCRIPTION 


USE  FORM    NO,  3TC.  FCH    FINAL 

SHIPMENT. 
FORM    NO     N.    Y,   38 


CON. 
NO. 

SUB. 
DIV. 

P543 

247  The  Yellow  Copy  to  be  attached  to  duplicate  bill. 

248  When  a  partial  shipment  of  goods  is  received,  the 
blue  and  yellow  Partial  Shipment  blanks  are  to  be  at- 
tached to  the  pink  "O,"  until  the  bills  come  in. 


SEND  THCS  TO  PURCHASING  OEPT    MEW   YORK  OFFICE  IMMEDIATELY 

FRANK  B.  GILBRETH 

3*    WEST    26TH    STREET,    NEW    YORK. 

PURCHASE  REQUISITION 

INSTRUCTIONS 

STATE    CAREFULLY    ALL    DETAILS    NECESSARY    FOR    ORDERING,    CATALOGUE    NO.,    QUALITY, 

DIMENSIONS,    ETC.,    AND   IF   WANTED   ON    ACCOUNT  OF   CHAN 

iES    BE    PARTICULAR   TO   GIVE 

SOURCE    OF    INFORMATION,     DATES    OF    LETTERS,     NUMBERS 

OF     DRAWINGS,     AND    WHAT 

CHANGES    WILL    BE    NECESSARY     IN     MATERIALS     ALREADY 

DELIVERED     OR     IN     TRANSIT. 

n.__                                                                                                       [    SHALL  WE  CMtP 
DATE                                                                                                       |     FREIGHT  OM  IIP 

VIA 
•BBS 

DATE  WANTED  AT  DESTINATION 

THIS  MATERIAL  TO  Ot  USED  FOR 

ISSUED   BY                                                                           CON.                        S 

UJJ.                               THIS  FORM  1C 

TIME.PR.        NO.                             D 

IV.                 R    157 

00    NOT    WRITE    BELOW    TMW    LINK 

RECEIVED   STAMP 

FILLED  Bv  O 

SENT  OUT  FOR  PRICES.                                 DATE 

- 



69 


PURCHASE  REQUISITION  (R) 

249  When   material,   plant,   repair  parts,   tools,   etc., 
are  wanted,  a  requisition  is  to  be  made  out,  all  the 
spaces  being  properly  filled  and  a  clear  description 
of  the  article  given. 

250  The  Green  Copy  is  then  to  be  forwarded  to  the 
office  at  once. 

251  The  Pink  Copy  is  to  be  retained  on  the  job  for 
reference  and  for  checking  the  Order  when  made  out. 

252  When  miscellaneous  supplies  or  material  are  to 
be  bought  by  the  Owner  at  the  job,  give  a  requisition 
for  same. 

253  Use    Purchase   Requisitions    for    everything   or- 
dered and  send  them  through  the  New  York  Office 
or  Owner. 


70 


COST   REPORT  (CR) 

254  When   Cost  Reports   are   used   on   the  job,  the 
White,  Yellow  and  Pink  copies  are  to  be  forwarded 
at  once  to  the  Accounting  Department  at  the  New 
York  Office  for  checking,  and  from  there  they  will 
go  to  their  respective  destinations.     The  tissue  copy 
is  to  be  kept  in  the  book,  or  filed  in  the  office  on  the 
job  for  reference. 

255  Cost  Reports  are  to  be  made  up  weekly  and  sent 
in  immediately  to  New  York  Office. 

256  In   the   first   column,   headed   "TB.,"   enter   sep- 
arately the  number  of  each  "TB."  sheet,  the  date  and 
the  total  amount  of  each  sheet. 

257  In  the  second  column,  headed  "M,"  made  up  on 
job,  enter  separately,  the  number  and  total  amount  of 
each  "M"  sheet. 

258  In  the  third  column,  headed  "M,"  made  up  at 
Office,  enter  separately  the  number  and  total  of  each 
office  "M"  sheet,  which  will  be  given  by  New  York 
Office  as  often  as  possible.     Do  not  hold  over  Cost 
Reports  for  Office  "M"  sheets. 

259  In  the  fifth  column,  headed  "Total  of  Contracts 
Not  Entered,"  enter  all  "O's"  separately  for  material 
which  has  been  ordered,  or  for  contracts  of  work  to 

71 


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72 


be  done,  for  which  bills  have  not  been  received.  These 
"O's"  are  to  appear  in  the  fifth  column  of  the  Cost- 
Report  each  week,  until  a  bill  comes  in.  If  the  bill 
only  calls  for  a  partial  shipment  on  the  "O,"  the 
order  will  have  to  appear  in  the  fourth  column,  headed 
"Proportion  of  Contracts  Not  Entered,"  until  the  final 
bill  comes  in  calling  for  the  final  amount  of  the  "O" 
shown  in  the  fourth  column  of  Cost  Report. 

260  After  making  out  the  first  Cost  Report,   carry 
forward  the  total  amount  of  the  "TB.,"  and  place  it 
on  the  first  line  of  the  next  Cost  Report,  in  the  column 
headed   "TB."     Do   likewise    with   totals   of   column 
headed  "M"  made  up  on  job,  and  "M"  made  up  at 
Office.     By  carrying  forward  the  totals  each  week  we 
will  have  total  "TB."  to  date,  total  Job  "M"  to  date, 
and  total  office  "M"  to  date.    Add  these  three  amounts 
together,  giving  total  of  all  three  columns  entered  to 
date. 

261  It  is  absolutely  necessary  that  all  manifold  forms 
be  sent  together  regularly  to  the  New  York  Office, 
except  the  forms  which  are  to  be  sent  in  as  soon 
as  they  are  made  up. 


73 


CASH  ACCOUNT  (C) 

262  White  copies  of  Cash  Accounts  are  to  be  sent  to 
the  Accounting  Department  at  the  New  York  Office 
weekly,  unless  otherwise  directed. 

263  Tissue  copies  are  to  be  retained  in  the  book  or 
on  file  in  the  office  on  the  job,  for  reference. 

264  Yellow  copies  are  to  be  sent  as  directed  by  the 
Accounting  Departments. 

265  Vouchers  must  be  obtained  for  all  cash  items, 
where  possible,  and  attached  to  cash  account  when 
sent  in.     All  cash  items,  excepting  "PR."  items,  are 
to  be  entered  on  separate  "M"  sheets  before  cash  ac- 
counts are  sent  in. 

266  When  entering  "M"  items  from  a  cash  account 
the  White  Copy  of  Cash  Account  is  to  be  attached  to 
the  "M"  sheet  upon  which  the  cash  items  are  entered, 
then  sent  to  the  New  York  Office. 

267  In  entering  items  from  the  Cash  Account,  the 
Cash  Account  is  to  go  through  the  same  course  as  a 
bill,  placing  the  "Prices  correct,  etc."  stamp  on  front 
of  same,  and  inserting  a  bill  number. 


74 


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75 


TOOL   LIST  (TL) 

268  Tool   List  rules   must  be   followed  to  the   letter 
whenever  tools  are  either  shipped  to,  or  received  from, 
the  yard  or  another  job,  or  received  from  a  dealer. 

269  Tool  lists  are  made  in  quadruplicate  and  contain 
directions  for  shipping  tools.    One  copy  must  be  sent 
to  the  office,  and  two  copies  to  the  man  who  is  to 
receive  the  tools  at  destination.    The  man  who  receives 
the  tools  will  keep  one  copy  and  send  one  copy  to  our 
office,  after  he  has  written  on  it  a  list  of  the  tools 
shipped  which  he  did  not  receive. 

DIRECTIONS  ON  PINK  AND  WHITE 
SHEETS :— DUTIES  OF  THE  MAN  WHO  RE- 
CEIVES THE  PINK  AND  WHITE  COPIES : 

270  Compare  the  Pink  Copy  with  the   White   Copy 
and  see  if  they  agree.    If  White  Copy  and  Pink  Copy 
do  not  agree,  notify  Office,  and  also  the  man  who 
shipped  the  tools,  wherein  they  do  not  agree. 

271  Compare  the  White  Copy  with  tools  actually  re- 
ceived.    Do  not  change  either  the  Pink  or  the  Vvhite 
Copy,  even  if  they  do  not  agree  with  the  tools  actually 
received. 

272  Write  on  the  Pink  Copy  and  the  White  Copy  full 
account  of  the  shortage,  giving  teamster's  name,  name 

76 


of  the  man  he  works  for,  railroad  owning  car,  and  car 
number. 

273  Man  who  receives  these  tools  will  paste  this  Pink 
Copy  in  his  own  tool  list  book  for  reference. 

274  Send  the  White  Copy  to  the  Office  as  soon  as  the 
above  five  rules  are  complied  with ;  your  contract  will 
then  stand  charged  with  this  corrected  list  or  their 
value  until  you  ship  them  to  some  other  job  or  the 
C.  M.  R.  &  T.  Co. 

DIRECTIONS  ON  YELLOW  AND  TISSUE 
SHEETS :— DUTIES  OF  THE  OFFICE  UPON 
RECEIVING  THE  YELLOW  AND  WHITE 
SHEETS : 

275  Charge  destination  job  with  these  tools  (i.  e.,  file 
this  Yellow  Copy  under  number  of  job  to  which  tools 
were  sent). 

276  Compare  the  Yellow  Copy  with  White  Copy  as 
soon  as  the  White  Copy  is  received. 

277  Credit  shipping  job   with  the  tools   of  this  list 
(i.  e.,  file  the  White  Copy  under  the  contract  number 
of  job  that  shipped  tools). 

278  At  the  completion  of  a  contract  charge  it  with 
the  difference  between  the  Yellow  and  White  sheets. 


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78 


LIST    OF    TOOLS. 


Accurate  Measurer  and  Feeder 

"      Drum 

"       Chutes 

"      Operating  Mechanism 
Concentrating  Hopper 

"      Forgings  &  Bolts,  set. 
Acid 

Absorptiometer  (brick  soaker) 
Adze,  carpenter 
Anvil 
Augers,  boring  machine       dia. 

ship  « 

Automatic  cutoff  for  water  hose 
Axe,  hand 

long-handled 

Back  stay  for  derrick 

Barrel,  oil 

Bars,  crow 
pinch 

Battery,  electric 

for  blasting 

Bells,  electric 

Bellows,  blacksmith's 

Bin,  storage 

Blocks,  snatch-clevis 

weighted  cheek 
"      wood 

single,  in.,  wire  or  hemp 
"      double,  "       "     "      " 
"      iron,       "       "     "      " 
"      single,    "       "     "      " 
"      double,  "       "     "      " 

Boilers,  locomotive  style 
"      upright 
"      horizontal 


Bolts 

Bolt  cutter 
Boots,  rubber 
Boom  bracket 
Boom  slewing  wheel 
Boring  machines 
Brand,  "Gilbreth" 
Brooms,   common 

"        push 
Brushes,  scrubbing 

"        whitewash 

"        wire 

Brass  bushings  for  sheaves 
Burners,  paint 
Bushings,  metaline 
Buckets,  hoisting 

tar 
Bull  wheel  of  engine 

Can,  oil 

Cant  dogs 

Canvas  (approximate  size)    • 

Cars,  brick 

"      industrial  railway  dump 

"      standard  gauge  push 
Carts,  tip 

"      2  wheel  for  concrete 

"      2  wheel  dump 
Chain  falls,  Weston 

"      hoist 

"     guy 

"  with  hook  &  ring       long 

"  with  two  rings 

"  scale  box 

"  sprocket,  diam. 

"  with  stone  dogs 


79 


LIST  OF  TOOLS— Continued 


Chisels,  brick 
"        cold 

calking 
"        cape 
"        stone 
Clips,  guy 
Coal 
Couplings,  brass  hose. 

iron  pipe 
Cross  head  to  double  elevator 

"      "    single        " 
Cutters,  pipe 

Dead  eye 

Derrick  boom  (length) 

castings  and  fittings, 

complete  set 
"        Mast    top    casting 

"  bottom 

"        Pintle  casting 
"        2  sheave  brackets 

Guy  cap 

Derrick,  8  sheaves 
"        Boom  ring 

2  plain  iron  block 
"        1  weighted  cheek  block 
"        Falls 
Guys 

"        6  large  guy  cap  shackles 
"        20  guy  shackles 
"        Guy  clips 
"        mast 
"        spar 

foot  block 
Derrick  pins 

Die  stock  and  dies  for  bolts 
"       "      "    pipe 


Dippers,  tin 
tar 

Dogs,  stone 
Dolly  bars 
Drills,  blacksmith 
"      machinist's 
"      hand  power  post 
"      rose 
stone 

"       steam  rock  drills  and  tri- 
pods, complete 

Ejector,  Hancock         (size) 
Engines,  Independent 

"        hoisting  5^x8,  No.  on 

boiler 
"        hoisting  7x10   No.    on 

boiler 

Elevator        double        single 
"        on  chimney  (size  of 

platform) 
hod 

"       •  bucket 
"        supports  for  crosshead 

Falls,  wire,  approx.  Igth  &  dia 

"        manila      "        "      "    " 
Faucet 
Files,  sa\v 

"      flat 

"      half  round 

"      round 
Forge,  blacksmith 

"        riveting 

Foot  valve  for  centrifugal  pump 
Forks,   coke    (handle  broken 
stone) 


80 


LIST  OF  TOOLS— Continued 


Furnace,  lead  melting 
asphalt 

Gauge,  steam 

Gouge 

Grates,  boiler 

Grease  for  wire  ropes 

Grindstone 

Guys,  wire,  diam,  approx.  Igth. 

Guy  caps 

Guy  posts,        length,        size 


Hose,  concrete  mixer 

water 

suction 

steam 

Hose  menders 
Houses,  engine 
Increaser,  (sizes) 

Injector 
Inspirator 

Jacks,  Gilbreth  Patent 


Hammer,  sledge 

^  VI  UCLLiy 

plain   screw 

hand 

Norton  pat. 

bush 

hydraulic 

pean 
striking 

Jointers,  granol.  walk 

Handles,  hammer 

Kettles,  tar 

hoe 

pick 

Ladders              (length) 

maul 

Ladles,  melting 

tamp 

Lag  screws 

hod 

Lamp,  office 

Harness  for  tip  carts 

Lanterns 

Heaters,  mortar 
sand 

Lewis,  stone 
Line    (mason's) 

Hods,  brick 

Lubricators,  plain  oil  cup 

mortar 

plain  grease  cup 

Holding  on  sledge,  riveting 
Hoe,  ash 

sight  feed  oil  cup 
sight  feed  cyl.  oiler 

mortar 

plain  cylinder  oiler 

Hoisting  engine  grates 
Hooks,  hinge 

(( 

Mattocks 
Maul,  wooden 

tag 

« 

Horses,  framing 

pin 
Marline 

trestle 

Mast  slewing  rig 

patent   scaffold 

"     Bull  wheel  for  derrick 

LIST  OF  TOOLS— Continued 


Mast  wire  falls 

drum  attach't  for  engine 
Megaphones 
Mixers,  concrete,  gravity, 

model  serial 
"  Gotham  pulley  style 
"  Gilbreth  rotary  with 

engine 

"  Gotham  with  engine 
"      "  with  engine  and 

boiler 
"  United    Tipping 

Eng.  style 
"      "      "       with 

engine  &  boiler 
Mops   for  waterproofing 
Mortar  red 
Mortar  black 

Nails 

Oil,  dead 
"     linseed 

Packing,  round 

sheet 
Padlocks 
Pails,  galv.  iron 

"      wood 
Paint,  black  asphalt 

"      outside 
inside 

"      fireproof 
Picks 
Pipe,  Akron 

"      cast-iron 

"      wrought   iron 

"      spiral  steel 


Pitch 

Pile  drivers 
Pitching  tool 
Plank 

"      driving  cap 
Pliers 

Plow   points 
Plow,  soft  ground 

"       hard  pan 
Plumb  bob 
Points,  stone 
Pokers 
Pulsometer 

Punch,  beam  or  plate 
Pump,  boiler  test 

"      diaphragm 

"      horizontal  force 

"      duplex 

"      single 

"      steam 

"      centrifugal  with  engine 
"          without    " 

Reducers 

Register        (brick  counter) 

Rippers,  staging 

Roll,  wood  (length) 

"     iron  (length) 

"     block  or  dolly 
Rope,  wire 

"     falls 

"     guy 

"     lashing 

"     manila 

"     tag 
Ratchets,  machinist's 


82 


LIST   OF -TOOLS— Continued 


Saws,  cross-cut 
"      hand 
"      hack 
"      pintle 
Salamanders 
Sash 

Scaffold,  Gilbreth  patent 
Scale  box,  forgings,  sets  com- 
plete ^ 

Scale  boxes,  wood 
"      iron 
Scrapers,  wheel 

drag 
Screens,  sand 

"        gravel 
Screw  drivers 
Sheave  Brackets 
Shovels,  round 

"        square 

"        snow 

"        long-handle 

"        coal  scoop 
Spades 
Shackles 
Sheaves 
Shims,  wedges 
Signs 
Slice  bars 
Smoke  pipe 
Spirit  level 
Staging 

V        ledgers 

"        plank 
poles 

"        putlogs 

"        outriggers 


Stamp — F.  B.  G. 

Steel  tape         length 

Stove,  office 

Straight  edges 

Stencils 

Strainer  for  suction  hose 

Swing  stage 

Tackles 

Tampers,  square 
round 

Tar  paper 

Thimbles,  galv.,  W.  I. 

Tipcarts 

Tongs,  stone 
"      track 
"      blacksmith 
"      chain   for  pipe 

Tool  boxes,   engine 
"        pump 

Tool  chest   (iron  bound) 

Torches,    gasoline 

Transits 

Trucks,    freight    handler's 

Tube  cleaner 

"      expander  or  roller 

Valves,  safety 
"        steam 
globe 
"  *      gate 

check 

Vise,  carpenter's  bench 
"      -blacksmith's 
"      machinist's 
"      pipe 


LIST    OF   TOOLS—  Concluded 


Wall  ties,  Morse 

Wall  irons 

Water  barrels 

Waterproofing 

Wedges,  other  than  for  Shims 

Wheels,  sprocket 

Winches 

"        handles 
Wire  cutters 
"       electric  bell 


Whistle,  steam 
Wheelbarrows,  wood 
iron 
2  wheeled  for 

concrete 

Wrench,  monkey 
"        hose 
"        Stilson 
socket 

"        spanner 
rock  drill 


TELEGRAMS 

279  In  sending  a  telegram  to  the  New  York  Office 
or  branch  offices,  never  sign  same  "Frank  B.  Gilbreth." 
Always  sign  the  name  of  the  sender. 

280  The  only   time  to   sign   "Frank  B.   Gilbreth"   is 
when  corresponding  with  sub-contractors  or  dealers, 
and  then  sign  Frank  B.  Gilbreth,  By 

281  When  sending  a  telegram,  a  copy  of  the  original 
must  be  made  on  our    regular    yellow    confirmation 
blank,  mailing  same  to  the  party  to  whom  the  tele- 
gram is  sent. 


EXPENSE    ACCOUNT 

282  Each  employee  is  to  make  out  his  own  Expense 
Account. 

283  All  Expense  Accounts  to  be  approved  by  a  second 
person. 

284  AH  cash  items  to  be  entered  in  Cash  Account 
book.     Expense  accounts  to  be  attached  as  vouchers, 
when  Cash  Account  sheet  is  sent  in. 

85 


WHITE    LIST    CARDS 

285  We  wish  to  keep  track  of  those  workmen  who 
work  in  our  interests,  and  to  let  them  know  when 
we  need  men.     Get  the  addresses  of  those  men  who 
work  faithfully.     Make  out  a  white  list  card  for  each 
good  man  when  discharged  or  laid  off. 

286  As  any  business  grows,  the  employees  lose  their 
individuality  with   their  employer.     This  is  discour- 
aging to  a  workman  who  desires  to  have  his  efforts 
appreciated.     We  have  devised  a  "white  list"  card  so 
that  we  may  know  what  each  foreman  thinks  of  an 
employee. 

287  We  shall  send,  to  men  of  good  records,  postal 
card  notifications  which  will  put  them  on  solid  foot- 
ing with  any  of  our  foremen,  whether  the  men  are 
known  to  them  or  not.     We  believe  that  the  best  class 
of  workmen  will  appreciate  our  efforts  and  co-operate 
with  us  in  making  this  system  a  success. 

288  Workmen  who  spend  the  least  time  talking  with 
one    another   during   working   hours,    will,    if   other 
qualifications  are  equal,  receive  preference  when  the 
work  slacks  down. 

289  Men  who  present  "white  list"  notification  cards 
must  be  given  preference  by  our  foremen  at  all  times. 


290  At  the  completion  of  the  job,  the  Superintendent 
and  Timekeeper  must  go  over  the  time  sheets  and 
make  sure  that  the  proper  White  List  Cards  have 
been  made  out. 


87 


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BILLS 

291  All  bills  are  to  be  rendered  to  job  in  triplicate. 

292  When   bills   are   received,   check  up   and   O.    K. 
every  copy,  using  rubber  stamp  for  "Quantity  Cor- 
rect, Prices  Correct  and  Extensions  Correct."     This 
stamp  to  be  placed  on  the  front  of  each  copy  in  the 
lower  left  hand  corner. 

293  "Prices  Correct,  etc.,"  stamp  on  face  of  bill  must 
be  filled  in. 

294  Number  each  bill,  beginning  with  No.  1. 

295  "The  original  copy  of  all  bills  after  being  O.  K.'d 
by  the  timekeeper  and  entered  on  "M"  sheet,  must 
be  sent  to  the  Owner,  attached  to  the  yellow  "M" 
sheet  upon  which  they  are  entered. 

296  The  duplicate  copy  of  all  bills  is  to  be  sent  to 
the    Accounting    Department   attached   to    the   white 
"M"  sheet  upon  which  it  is  entered. 

297  The   triplicate   copies    of  bills   are    to    be    filed 
numerically  in  the  file  provided  for  same  on  the  job. 

298  All  bills  are  to  be  entered  on  the  "M"  sheet  in 
the  order  of  their  number,  if  possible. 

299  Credit   bills    or   corrections    from   material   men 
must  also  be  obtained  in  triplicate,  and  the  originals 

89 


turned  over  to  the  Owner.  These  are  also  to  be 
stamped,  numbered  and  O.  K.'d  exactly  as  though 
they  were  charges.  They  must  also  be  entered  on 
separate  "M"  sheets,  marked  in  large  letters  "Credit." 
Duplicate  copy  of  credit  vouchers  must  be  sent  to  the 
New  York  Office,  attached  to  the  white  "M"  sheet, 
upon  which  they  are  entered. 

300  Bills    must    be    checked    up    promptly    and    the 
original   copies  turned  over  to  the  Owners  as   soon 
as  possible,  to  enable  them  to  take  advantage  of  any 
discount. 

301  It   is   absolutely   necessary   that   the   New    York 
Office  receive  a  copy  of  all  bills,  and  therefore  should 
the  Owners  buy  any  material  direct,  it  will  be  neces- 
sary for  the  Timekeeper  to  secure  duplicate   copies 
of  such  bills,  which  must  also  be  entered  on  "M" 
sheets. 

302  When  opening  accounts  with  new  dealers,  direct 
them   to  send  bills  as  nearly  up-to-date  as  possible. 

FREIGHT 

303  When  paying  freight,  get  separate  receipted  bills 
for  each  charge. 

304  Freight   bills   on   material   purchased   F.    O.    B. 
the  job,  are  to  be  turned  over  to  the  Owner  without 
being  entered  on  "M"  sheets. 

305  Freight  charges  for  material  purchased  F.  O.  B. 
shipping  point  (chargeable  against  cost  of  Job)   are 
to  be  entered  on  "M"  sheets. 

00 


BRICKWORK 

306  The  most  profitable  and  best  bond  in  common 
brickwork    is    one    course    of    Flemish    headers    and 
seven,  courses  of  stretchers,   then  another  course  of 
Flemish  headers,  etc. 

307  Use  this  bond  wherever  possible,  except  in  earth- 
quake localities,  in  which  case  use  full  headers  every 
sixth  course  and  also  metallic  headers. 

308  Each  bricklayer  is  responsible  for  the  plumb  of 
the  lead,  ting,  corner,  or  angle,  on  which  he  is  set 
to  work.     He  will  not  be  excused  by  the  customary 
statement  that  it  is   plumb  from  where  he  took  it. 
Mistakes  can  thus  be  corrected  before  it  is  too  late, 
and  at  small  cost. 

309  Foremen   carpenters   and    foremen    masons   will 
be  held  jointly  responsible  for  the  plumb  of  window 
and  door  frames — not  only  that  they  are  set  plumb, 
but  that  they  are  maintained  plumb,   and  that  they 
have  plenty  of  spreaders  to  keep  them  from  being 
sprung  by  brickwork. 

310  Every  bricklayer  is  responsible  for  the  plumb  of 
window   and   door   frames   adjoining   his   work,   and 
must  notify  foremen  of  mistakes  while  they  can  be 
rectified  at  small  cost. 

91 


311  The  bricklayer  on  the  lead  that  hauls  in  the  line 
is  the  boss  of  the  line  and  the  wall.     To  him  the 
foreman   must  give   sufficient   information   to   enable 
him  to  come  to  the  right  height  for  projections,  beams 
and  openings.    He  is  responsible  for  all  levels,  heights, 
and  accuracy  of  ting  on  the  wall. 

312  The  man  on  the  ting,  or  man  on  the  middle  of 
the  wall,  must  notify  the  man  on  the  hauling  end  of 
the   line   when   the   line   is   laid   out,   if   not   already 
noticed  by  him. 

313  The  man  on  the  leads  must  be  specially  directed 
to  keep  the  line  moving.     The  boss  of  the  wall  must 
call  for  the  man  on  the  other  lead  to  put  the  line  up 
promptly,  and  he  must  haul  it  in  promptly.     He  is 
responsible  for  delays  caused  by  other  lead  men  not 
putting   up   line  promptly.     The   money   is   made   in 
brickwork  by  hauling  the  line  promptly.     It  is  seldom 
good  practice  to  have  the  line  slacked  until  the  last 
brick  is  laid  out. 

314  The  bricklayers   on   the   lead  must  stop  in   the 
middle  of  laying  a  brick  to  attend  to  the  line. 

315  Lumpers   who   lay   brick  by   the   thousand   give 
more   attention  to  the  line  than  to   all  other  points 
combined. 

316  In  no  other  way  can  foremen  and  timekeepers 
save  so  much  money  for  the  firm  as  by  watching  the 
line  and  seeing  that  it  is  put  up  the  instant  that  the 
line  is  laid  out. 

317  The   boss   of  the   wall  must  notify   foremen   if 
mortar  is  too  fat,  or  too  sandy,  or  if  it  is  not  right 
in  any  way. 


318  Boss  of  the  wall  must  notify  foremen  if  stock 
is  not  coming  fast  enough. 

319  Lay  all  brick  with  shove  joints.     Use  the  Gil- 
breth  Scaffold  wherever  possible,  because  it  keeps  the 
mason  where  it  is  easiest  for  him  to  lay  with  shove 
joints.     Do  not  economize  on  mortar.     Do  not  slush 
the  middle  of  the  wall,  as  it  prevents  the  next  course 
from  properly  pushing  mortar  between  the  bricks  of 
the  course  below.     Joints  must  be  well  filled  without 
slushing,  except  in  freezing  weather. 

320  Haul  the  line  to  the  bottom  of  all  projections 
and  not  to  the  top. 

321  Fill  end  joints  of  outside  4"  of  all  exposed  walls 
full  of  mortar. 

322  Except   when   prevented  by  certain  qualities  of 
mortar,  the  best  results  in  jointing  are  obtained  by 
not   jointing   too   often:   probably   about   once   every 
staging  high.     The  best  practice  is   for  the  outside 
men  to  get  on  the  inside   scaffold  and  back  up  for 
another  header,   and   not  waste   time   jointing   while 
the  inside  men   are  backing  up.     Boss  of  wall  will 
say  when  to  do  jointing. 

323  When  walls  near  ground  and  floors  are  jointed, 
it  must  be  done  with  a  straight  edge.     There  is  abso- 
lutely no  exception  to  this  rule.     Foremen  must  pro- 
vide every  mason  with  pieces  of  furring  8' — 0"   for 
this  purpose. 

324  We  desire  to  maintain  our  present  hard  earned 
reputation    for    doing    the    best    possible    brickwork. 
The  difference  in  cost  between  the  best  and  the  poor- 


est  workmanship  on  brickwork  is  a  very  small  per- 
centage of  the  entire  cost  of  the  contract. 

325  A  bricklayer's  time  costs  too  much  to  have  him 
do  any  more  measuring  with   a  rule  than   is   abso- 
lutely  necessary.      Foremen   should    give   the   brick- 
layers  a   piece   of  strapping    (2"xl"   planed   on   one 
side)    just   the   right   length,   with   the   entire   infor- 
mation marked  clearly  on  it. 

326  Foremen  should  order  a  few  bundles  of  strap- 
ping with  the  first  order  for  lumber. 

327  Toothers  and  putlog  holes  must  be  filled  full  of 
mortar  or   else   they   will   dry  out   a   different   color 
than  the  other  mortar. 

328  Take  the  greatest  care  to  cover  thoroughly  with 
mortar  every  portion  of  structural  steel  work.     This 
is  often  neglected  on  most  important  work.  All  struc- 
tural  work   must  first  be   freed   from   rust  by   wire 
brushes  and  scrapers,  then  painted,  and  then  covered 
with  mortar,  or  in  time  it  will  begin  to  rust,  and  after 
rust  once  begins   in   the  wall   it  cannot  be  stopped. 
For  further  information  on  this  subject  see  copy  of 
"Cement,"  Vol.  3,  No.  2.     Any  kind  of  mortar  helps 
to  preserve   iron  and   steel,  but   Portland  cement  is 
best.     We  are  ready  to  pay  for  the  labor  and  mortar 
needed  to  cover  completely  and  thoroughly  all  struc- 
tural steel  and  iron. 

329  Care  must  be  taken  when  wooden  beams  are  built 
into  brickwork,  that  mortar  does  not  touch  the  wood, 
as  it  is  likely  to  cause  dry  rot.     Any  kind  of  mortar 
will  cause  deterioration  of  wood. 

94 


330  The  most  expensive  bond  and  also  the  best  is 
"plumb   bond" — this   can   be   done  properly   only  by 
cutting  notches   in   the  edge   of  a  piece  of   furring, 
holding  the  end  of  the  stick  to  the  jamb  and  mark- 
ing the  center  of  each  vertical  joint.     Many  old  time 
bricklayers  think  the  same  result  can  be  obtained  by 
plumbing  the  joints  with  a  plumb  rule.    This  method 
not  only  takes  too  long,  but  is  too  inaccurate  for  our 
work. 

331  Order  wooden  wedges  at  the  mill  for  setting  cut 
stone.     Use  only  white  pine  wedges  for  this  work. 

332  Rake  joints  in  stone  work   1"  deep,  and  draw 
wedges  before  mortar  is  set. 


MORTAR 

333  Lime  mortar  must  be   kept   wet  while   slaking. 
In  addition  to  water  hose,  supply  a  water  barrel  so 
that  water  can  be  dashed  by  the   pailful  upon  any 
lime    that    is    crumbling    or    burning.     Lime    loses 
strength  if  allowed  to  "burn." 

334  The  making  of  lime  mortar  must  commence  early 
enough  to  have  it  at  least  two  weeks  old  before  using. 
This  rule  must  be  followed  notwithstanding  the  fact 
that  the  making  up  of  considerable  quantities  of  mor- 
tar ahead  of  time  is  expensive,  because  of  the  extra 
handling    and    the    greater    labor    of   tempering    up. 
The  older  the  lime  mortar,  the  better  the  work. 

335  Lime  mortar  must  be  tempered  until  all  the  white 
spots   in   it  disappear;   otherwise   these   spots   would 
swell  and  break  the  initial  set  of  the  mortar  after 
the  bricks  are  laid. 

336  v         Cement  must  not  be  added  to  slaking  lime  mor- 

tar. Cement  must  be  thoroughly  mired  dry  with 
sand  before  it  is  added  to  lime  mortar,  and  just 
before  it  is  to  be  used. 

337  Cement  mortar  must  be  used  as  soon  as  mixed, 
unless  fat  mortar  is  more  desired  than  strength. 

96 


The  theory  most  widely  accepted  among  cement 
experts  is  that  cement,  in  setting,  forms  microscopic 
interlocking  crystals.  These  crystals  if  broken  while 
forming  will  never  properly  reunite.  Therefore, 
cement,  whether  in  mortar  or  concrete,  should  never 
be  disturbed  after  it  has  once  begun  to  set. 

339  Give,  mortar  men,  or  other  men  most  faithful  to 
our  interests,  first  chance  on  all  overtime  work,  tem- 
pering tubs,  etc. 

340  More  bad  results  to  cement  in  mortar  and  con- 
crete are  caused  by  drying  out  too  quick  than  from 
any  other  cause.    Any  cement  dealer  or  cement  chem- 
ist can  cite  hundreds  of  cases  of  unsatisfactory  work 
from  these  causes.     Therefore,  wet  your  forms  thor- 
oughly or  else  grease  them  so  that  they  will  not  soak 
the  water  from  the  concrete.     Wet  the  ground  thor- 
oughly before  laying  concrete,  and  do  not  allow  so 
much  as  a  dry  plank  to  lay  on  it  for  at  least  two 
weeks  after  the  work  is  finished. 


OILING    DOWN 

341  When  outside  walls  are  oiled,  great  precaution 
must  be  taken  that  the   stone  in  the  wall  does  not 
receive   the   slightest   spot.      Oil   will   discolor   stone 
and  the  stain  cannot  be   removed.     Raw  linseed  oil 
should  be  used,  never  boiled  linseed  oil. 

342  Washing  down  brick   walls    with   acid   must   be 
done  with  the  greatest  care.     First,   spray  the  wall 
thoroughly  with  water,  so  that  brickwork  will  soak 
up   as   much   water   as   possible.      When   the   acid   is 
applied,  use  as  little  as  you  can ;  it  will  then  do  its 
work  on  the  face  of  the  wall  only,  and  not  soak  in 
and  afterward  appear  on   the   face   of  the   dry  wall 
in  the   form  of  white  spots,  nor  ruin  the  mortar  in 
the  joints.     This  method  will  not  only  do  better  work, 
but  will  save  a  large  quantity  of  acid.     Keep  ropes 
away  from  acid  or  acid  fumes,  as  a  few  drops  of  the 

.  acid  would  ruin  their  strength.  Keep  falls  out  from 
under  staging  when  washing  down,  or  they  will  get 
injured  by  the  acid  and  workmen  may  get  hurt. 

343  Wash  mortar  from  cut  stone  before  it  sets  too 
hard. 


SCAFFOLD 

344  Have   all  stagings    inspected   by    an  intelligent 
bricklayer  before  they  are  used,  and  have  him  say  in 
the  presence  of  witnesses  that  the  staging  is  right, 
before  the  same  is  used.     We  shall  then  know  that 
we  have  done  everything  in  our  power  to  make  the 
stagings  secure  and  to  prevent  accident. 

345  There  are  three  ways  of  building  outriggers  for 
outside   masons   staging : — 

1 — Lash  around  the  outrigger  and  the  floor  beam 
below  with  %"  rope;  turn  up  with  twister  and  nail 
the  twister  to  the  outrigger. 

2 — Put  eyebolts  through  the  floor  and  lash  in 
the  same  manner. 

3 — Spike  a  piece  of  3"x4"  to  the  floor  with 
plenty  of  big  spikes  and  nail  two  pieces  of  board, 
each  at  least  I"x6",  to  the  outrigger  and  to  the 
spiking  piece.  This  is  the  cheapest  method  and  gen- 
erally the  best. 

346  Use  the  Gilbreth  Scaffold  wherever  possible,  be- 
cause  it  promotes   good   work  as   well   as   economy. 
Use  it  in  preference  to  any  other  form  of  scaffold 
on  over-hand  brickwork,  because  it  enables  the  brick- 
layers to  back  up  the  wall  solid,  every  header  high, 

99 


instead  of  building   the  over-hand   face   as   thin   as 
possible  staging-high  and  then  backing  up. 

347  Where  great  speed  of  construction  is  required, 
build  staging  on  both  sides  of  the  wall. 

348  When   two   kinds   of    mortar   are   used    on   the 
Gilbreth  Scaffold,  put  a  temporary  partition  in  the 
mortar  box,  as  shown  in  pictures  298-25  and  298-12, 
pages  101  and  107. 

349  The   middle   plank,   or    "center    board,"    in    the 
stock  platform,  should  be  2"xlO"  and  8'  to  9'  long, 
with  three  boards  I"x8"  and  1'    10"  long  nailed  on 
securely.      It  is   not   necessary   to   have   the   "center 
board"  the  exact  length  between  horses,  as  one  end 
can  be  covered  by  a  mortar  box.    These  boards  should 
be  kept  in  stock  and  always  used  with  the  scaffold. 

350  The   most  convenient  length  for  plank  for  the 
Gilbreth  Scaffold  is  12  to  14  feet. 


[flush  with  Side  of  Horse 

The     Right    Way. 


The    Wrong    Way- 


The    Wronq    Way- 

The  RIGHT  and  the  WRONG  way  to  arrange  plank 
and  mortar  boxes  on  the  Gilbreth  Scaffold 


Photograph  298-25 
101 


SYSTEM  FOR  SETTING  UP  THE  GILBRETH 
SCAFFOLD 

351  A — Do   not   build   wall   more   than   3'  8"    above 

floor  before  setting  up  scaffold. 
B — Put  red  side  of  horses  against  brick  wall. 
C— Place  horses   10'  0"  apart. 
D — Hook   one   end   of   stay   rod   to   eye  bolt   in 

horse  and  nail  other  end  of  stay  rod  to  floor. 
E— Use  no  planks  less  than  2"xlO". 
F — Make  bricklayers'  platform  two  planks  wide. 
G — Make  tenders'  platform  two  planks  wide. 
H — Make  stock  platform  three  planks  wide. 
I — The  plank  on  the  stock  platform  should  rest 

on   only  two   horses,  never   on  three  horses. 

352  J — Mortar  boxes  never  over  4'  0"  apart. 

K — Never  jack  stock  platform  higher  than  the 
inside  4"  of  wall. 

L — Keep  ratchet  and  bearings  of  jack  well 
greased.  These  jacks  will  wear  out  in  one  day  unless 
thoroughly  greased.  It  has  always  been  difficult  to 
get  foremen  to  use  enough  grease  on  these  jacks. 

It  has  been  demonstrated,  beyond  the  possibility 
of  a  doubt,  that  if  the  Gilbreth  Staging  is  set  up  and 
102 


jacked  up  in  accordance  with  me  above  rules,  it 
will  cause  an  average  saving  of  $1.00  per  mason 
per  day. 


\      i        7 

\ 

Smoothest  Side 

of  Plank  Inside 

\ 

Plan. 

/. 

1 

\ 

I 

!/  Hoop  Iron 
on  4  Comers 
u^e  I  "Nails 


J       I 


EJevo.-Hon. 

Our  Standard  Mortar  Box 


104 


I 

I 


105 


SYSTEM    FOR   TAKING   DOWN   GILBRETH 
SCAFFOLD  HORSES 

353  Take   down   planks,   one   at  a   time.     Pull   stay 

rods  up  from  floor  and  unhook  them.  Lay  each  horse 
down  on  the  floor,  then  slide  frames  down  to  the 
foot  of  the  horses.  Lowering  frames  in  the  horses, 
while  horses  are  standing,  will  break  the  foot  pieces 
of  the  horses. 


106 


Photograph  298-12 

107 


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108 


TALL  CHIMNEYS 

355  The  best  results  in  round  chimneys  are  obtained 
by  having  no  brick  headers  below  the  head  of  the 
chimney.    Get  permission  from  the  Engineer  or  Archi- 
tect to  use  galvanized  wire  cloth  ties  instead  of  brick 
headers  for  bonding  the  outside  4".     This  will  per- 
mit backing  up  full  width  of  wall  at  once. 

356  The  shell  of  a  chimney  must  not  be  built  into 
or  touch  the  core,  for  the  expansion  of  the  core  would 
crack  and  distort  the  shell.     Not  less  than   1"   play 
must  be  left  at  all  points.     Too  much  play  between 
shell  and  core  is  better  than  too  little. 

357  If  the   plans  show  the  shell  and  the  core  con- 
nected in  any  way  except  at  the  bottom,  stop  the  work. 

358  Plumb  chimneys   every   5'   0"   in   heighf  with  a 
mercury  plumb  bob. 

359  Examine   the   mortar   of   the   inside   4"    of   the 
chimney  from  top  to  bottom  every  two  days,  to  see 
that  it  is  setting  fast  enough  to  carry  the  work  being 
built  above  it. 

360  Do  not  economize  on  mortar.     Lay  all  brick  with 
a  shove  joint. 

361  The  temporary  hole  left  for  carrying  stock  to  the 
elevator  inside  of  the  chimney  must  be  located  directly 

109 


under  the  hole  for  the  smoke  flue,  or  else  directly 
opposite  (half  way  around  the  chimney)  the  smoke 
flue.  Get  permission  from  the  engineer  to  locate  the 
cleanout  door  within  the  limits  of  this  temporary  hole. 

362  Build  the  stock  railway  so  that  it  pitches  down 
toward  the  chimney.     This  will  give  speed  in  loading 
the   elevator,   for   the  cars   will   go   down   hill   when 
loaded  and  up  hill  when  empty. 

363  Build  a  cover  7'  0"  from  the  ground  to  protect 
the  men  loading  the  elevator.     This  cover  should  be 


Photograph  300-34 
no 


at  least  2"  thick,  and  should  cover  all  the  inside  of 
the  chimney  except  the  size  of  the  car. 

364  Build  an  automatic  lid,  strong  enough  for  ten- 
ders  to   stand   upon,   to   cover   the   elevator   well   at 
the  top. 

365  Build    an    outside    protection   over   men   at   the 
bottom  of  the  chimney.     Make  this  strong  enough  to 
stop  a  brick  falling  from  the  top  of  the  chimney. 

366  Build  a  peach  basket   form  on   the  top  of  the 
chimney,   so   that   the   head   can   be   built  perfect   in 
shape. 

367  Get  permission  to  build  a  collar  under  the  head 
of  the  chimney,  to  support  the  "peach  basket." 

368  Find   out   from   the   makers   of  the   iron  cap   if 
some  representative  of  our  firm  has  seen  the  complete 
cap  set  up  and  all  bolted  together.     This  may  cost 
some  money,  but  it  is  in  the  interests  of  good  work. 

369  Each  piece  or  section  of  the  iron  cap  must  be 
self  supporting  on  the  wall.     If  it  is  not  shown  thus 
on  the  plans,  notify  the  office  immediately. 

370  Have  the  cap  drilled  and  tapped  with  standard 
thread  before  leaving  the  shop,  to  support  the  attach- 
ing device  for  the  lightning  rod. 


ill 


TALLEST   CHIMNEY 
IN    GREATER    BOSTON 

HEIGHT  255  FEET 

NOTE  "PEACH  BASKET" 

LAST  HUNDRED  FEET  BUILT  IN  14  DAYS 


CONCRETE 

371  Concrete  should  be  mixed  as  wet  as  possible  with- 
out having  any  free  water  to  wash  the  cement  off  the 
stone.    Any  man  who  advocates  using  concrete  dryer 
than  this  has  not  kept  up  with  the  advances  of  engi- 
neering knowledge  in  the  last  few  years.     If,  how- 
ever, your  Inspector  requires  dry  concrete,  give  him 
what  he  wants. 

372  Ram  all  concrete,  its  strength  is  increased  nearly 
50  per  cent  by  thorough  ramming.     Do  not  attempt 
to   ram    concrete   under   water ;  •  the   cement   will   be 
washed  off  the  sand  and  stone. 

373  In  hot  weather  care  must  be  taken  to  prevent 
concrete   from  drying  too   rapidly.     Protect  it  from 
the  sun,  and,  after  the  first  24  hours,  keep  it  as  wet 
as  possible.    Portland  cement  requires  a  large  amount 
of  water  to  form  its  crystals.     You  can't  keep  it  too 
wet,  the  more  water  the  better. 

374  Sand  for  concrete  must  be  coarse,  clean  and  sharp. 
If  such  sand  is  not  obtainable  the  job  must  be  stopped. 
Fine  sand  must  not  be  used  for  concrete  even  if  it 
gives  good  results,  unless  there  is  coarse  sand  mixed 
with  it. 

113 


375  The  better  the  sand  is  graded  the  less  superficial 
area,  and,  therefore,  the  better  it  will  be  coated,  and 
the  stronger  the  concrete  it  will  make  with  a  given 
quantity  of  cement. 

376  On  all  masonry  and  concrete  work  use  the  exact 
quantity  of  cement  called  for  in  the  specifications,  and 
notify  the  Office  if  you  do  not  think  the  proportions 
strong  enough. 

377  Use  telegraph  wire  for  braces  where  needed. 

378  Pile  cement  in  the  storehouse  so  that  the  oldest 
will  come  out  first. 

379  The  coefficient  of  expansion  of  concrete  (1-2-4) 
has.  been  determined  as  .0000055  for  one  degree  F. 
This  is  nearly  the  same  as  the  coefficient  of  untem- 
pered  steel,  which  is  .0000060. 

380  The   compressive    strength   of   concrete    is   from 
8  to  12  times  the  tensile  strength. 

381  The  services  of  the  Civil,  Mechanical  and  Con- 
crete Engineers  of  our  Office  force  are  at  the  com- 
mand of  Superintendents,  Foremen  and  Timekeepers, 
to  assist  in  designing  and  arranging  set-ups  especially 
adapted  to  the  conditions  of  each  particular  job. 

382  Our    main    office    has    on    file    drawings    and 
installations  that  we  have  designed  and  erected  in  all 
parts   of  the   world,   some   of   which  are   measuring, 
feeding  and  mixing  concrete  for  less  than  one  cent 
per  cubic  yard. 

383  Keep   concrete    mixers   in   perfect   repair   at   all 
times  by  ordering  duplicate  parts   from  the  United 
Concrete  Machinery  Company.     All  parts  are  made 

114 


to  patterns,  and  are  interchangeable  with  each  other 
in  like  models.  A  stock  is  kept  on  hand  and  can  be 
shipped  on  receipt  of  order.  In  ordering  parts,  give 
serial  number  of  mixer,  to  be  found  on  name-plate. 

384  Our  main  office  has  access  to  all  drawings  made 
by  the  United  Concrete  Machinery  Co.,  makers  of 
concrete  machinery. 

385  Whenever  cement  is  being  used  in  car-load  lots, 
a  sample  of  at  least  ten  Ibs.  is  to  be  taken  from  each 
car,  sealed,  and  carefully  labelled  with  the  date  and 
car  number.    These  samples  to  be  kept  in  a  dry  place 
until  the  cement  in  that  particular  car  has  been  used 
and  the  concrete  is  in  place  and  thoroughly  set. 

385J/2      For  further  rules  on  concrete  consult  the  Office. 


115 


386  The  following  tables  will  be  of  use  in  estimating 
the  amounts  of  sand,  cement,  broken  stone  and  gravel 
required,  when  the  quantity  of  concrete  is  known. 


CONCRETE  WITH  STONE  DUST  FOR  ARTIFICIAL  STONE 

Proportions  of  Mixture 

Required  for  i  cu.  yd. 

Cement 

Sand 

Stone 

Cement 
Bbls. 

Sand 
cu.  yd. 

Stone 
cu.  yd. 

i 

I..O 

"  2.0 

25i 

0.38 

o  76 

i 

1.0 

2-5 

2.27 

o-35 

.  0.86 

i-5 

2.5 

2   00 

0.46 

0.76 

1-5 

3  o 

.83 

0.42 

0.84 

2.0 

3  ° 

.65 

0.50 

0-75 

2.0 

4  o 

•44 

0.44 

o  88 

2    5 

4.0 

•33 

0.50 

o  81 

2-5 

5-0 

.18 

0-45 

0.90 

3-0 

4.0 

•23 

o  56 

0-75 

3-o 

5-° 

.10 

0.50 

0.84 

116 


CONCRETE  WITH  "HAZELNUT"  STONE 

CONCRETE  WITH  STONE  24  "AND  UNDER 

Proportions  of 
Mixture 

Req'd  for  I  c.  yd. 

Proportions  of 
Mixture. 

Req'd  for  I  c.  yd. 

Cem 

ent 

Sand 

Stone 

Cem- 
ent 
Bbls. 

Sand 
c.yds. 

Stone 
c.yds 

Cem- 
ent 

Sand 

Stone 

Cem- 
ent 
Bbls. 

Sand 
c.yds. 

Stone 
c.yds. 

1 

1 
1 
1 

1 

1 
1 
1 

2.0 
2,5 
3.0 
3.5 

2.57 
2.29 
2.06 
1.84 

0.39 
0.35 
0.31 
0.28 

0.78 
0.70 
0.94 
0.98 

1 
1 
1 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 

2.0 
2.5 
3.0 
3.5 

2/,3 
2.34 
2.10 
1.88 

0.40 
0.36 
0.32 
029 

0.80 
0.89 
0.% 
1.00 

1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 

2.5 
3.0 
3.5 
4.0 
4.5 

2.05 
1.85 
1.72 
1,57 
1.43 

0.47 
0.42 
0.39 
0.36 
0.33 

0,78 
0.84 
0,91 
0.% 
0.98 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 

1.5 

2.5 
3.0 
3.5 
4.0 
4.5 

2.09 
1.90 
1.74 
1.61 
1.46 

0.48 
0.43 
0.40 
0.37 
0.33 

0.80 
0.87 
0.93 
0.98 
1.00 

1 

1 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 

3.0 
3,5 
4.0 
4.5 
5.0 

1.70 
1.57 
1.46 
1.36 
1.27 

0.52 
0.48 
0.44 
0.42 
0.39 

0.77 
0.83 
0.89 
0.93 
0.97 

1 
1 
1 
1 

2,0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 

3.0 
3.5 
4.0 
4.5 
5.0 

1.73 
1.61 
1.48 
1.38 
1.29 

0.53 
0.49 
0.45 
0.42 
0.39 

0.79 
.85 
0.90 
0.95 
0.98 

1 
1 
1 
1 

2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

3.5 
4.0 
4.5 
5.0 
5.5 
6.0 

1.45 
1.35 
1.27 
.19 
.13 
.07 

0.55 
0.52 
0.48 
0.46 
0.43 
0.41 

0.77 
0.82 
0.87 
0.91 
0.94 
0.97 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

3.5 
4.0 
4.5 
5.0 
5.5 
6.0 

1.48 
1.38 
1.29 
1.21 
1.15 
1.07 

0.56 
0.53 
0.49 
0.46 
0.44 
0.41 

0.79 
0.84 
0.88 
0.92 
0.% 
0.98 

3.0 
3.0 
3.C 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 

4.0 
4.5 
5.0 
5.5 
6,0 
6.5 
7,0 

.26 
.18 
.11 
1.06 
1.01 
0.% 
0.91 

0.58 
0.54 
0.51 
0.48 
0.46 
0.44 
0.42 

0.77 
0.81 
0.85 
0.89 
0.92 
0.95 
0.97 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 

4.0 
4.5 
5.0 
5.5 
6.0 
6.5 
7.0 

1.28 
1.20 
1.14 
1.07 
1.02 
0.98 
0.92 

0.58 
0.55 
0.52 
0.49 
0.47 
0.44 
0.42 

0.78 
0.82 
0.87 
0.90 
0.93 
0.% 
0.98 

3.5 
3.5 
3.5 
3.5 
3.5 
3.5 
3.5 

5.0 
5.5 
6.0 
6.5 
7.0 
7.5 
8.0 

1.05 
1.00 
0.95 
0.92 
0.87 
0.84 
0.80 

0,56 
0.53 
0.50 
0.49 
0.47. 
0.45 
0.42 

0.80 
0.84 
0.87 
0.91 
0.93 
0.% 
0.97 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

3.5 
3.5 
3.5 
3.5 
3.5 
3.5 

5.0 
5.5 
6.0 
6.5 
7.0 
7.5 

1.07 
1.02 
0.97 
0.93 
0.89 
0.86 

0.57 
0.54 
0.51 
0.49 
0.47 
0.45 

0.82 
0.85 
0.89 
0.92 
0.95 
0.98 

4.0 
4.0 
4.0 
4.0 
4.0 
4.0 
4.0 

6.0 
6.5 
7.0 
7.5 
8.0 
8.5 
9.0 

0,90 
0.87 
0.83 
0.80 
0.77 
0.74 
0.71 

0.55 
0.53 
0.51 
0.49 
0.47 
0.45 
0.43 

0.82 
0.85 
0.89 
0.91 
0.93 
0.95 
0.97 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

4.0 
4.0 
4.0 
4.0 
4.0 
4.0 

6.0 
6.5 
7.0 
7.5 
8.0 
8.5 

0.92 
0.88 
0.84 
0.81 
0.78 
0.76 

0.56 
0.53 
0.51 
0.50 
0.48 
0.46 

0.84 
0.87 
0.90 
0.93 
0.95 
0.98 

1 
1 

5.0 
5.0 

9.0 
10,0 

0.66 
0,62 

0.50 
0.47 

0.90 
0,95 

1 

5.0 
5.0 

9.0 

10.0 

0.67 
0.63 

0.52 
0.48 

0.93 
0.% 

1 

1 

6.0 
6.0 

11.0 
12.0 

0.55 
0.52 

0.51 
0.48 

0.93 
0.95 

1 

6.0 
6,0 

7.0 
7.0 

11.0 
12.0 

0.56 
0.54 

0.52 
0.49 

0.94 
0.98 

1 
1 

7.0 
7.0 

13.0 
14.0 

0.47 
0.45 

0.50 
0.48 

0.93 
0.% 

1 
1 

13.0 
14.0 

0.48 
0.46 

0.51 
0.49 

0.95 
0.92 

117 


CONCRETE  WITH  2^  INCH  STONE. 

CONCRETE  WITH  GRAVEL  %.  INCH 
AND  UNDER 

Proportion  of 
Mixture 

Req'd  for  I  c.yd. 

Proportions  of 
Mixture 

Req'd  for  I  c.  yd. 

Cem- 
ent 

Sand 

stone 

Cem  - 
ent 
Bbls. 

and. 
.yds. 

stone 
.yds. 

Cem- 
ent 

Sand 

Gra- 
vel 

Cem  - 
ent 

Bbls. 

and. 
.yds. 

Gr'vel 
.yds. 

0.80 
0.86 
0.91 
0.94 

0.78 
0.83 
0.88 
0.91 
0.94 

1 

1 
1 

1 
1 
1 

2.0 
2.5 
3.0 

2.72 
2.41 
2.16 

0.41 
0.37 
0.33 

083 
0.92 
0.98 

1 
1 
1 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 

2.5 
3.0 
3.5 
4.0 

2.10 
1.89 
1.71 

1.55 

0.32 
0.29 
0.26 
0.24 

1 
1 

1 
1 

1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 

2.5 
3.0 
3.5 
4.0 

2.16 
1.% 
1.79 
1.64 

0.49 
0.45 
0.41 
0.38 

0.82 
0.89 
0.% 
1.00 

1 
1 

1 
1 

3.0 
3.5 
4.0 
4.5 
5.0 

1.71 
1.57 
1.46 
1.34 
1.24 
1.44 
1.34 
1.26 
1.17 
1.03 

0.39 
0.36 
0.33 
0.31 
0.28 

1 
1 
1 
1 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 

3.0 
3.5 
4.0 
4.5 

1.78 
1.66 
1.53 
1.43 

0.54 
0.50 
0.47 
0.43 

0.81 
0.88 
0.93 
0.98 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2-0 

35 
40 
45 
50 
6.0 

0.44- 
0.41 
0.38 
0.36 
0.31 

0.77 
0.81 
0.86 
0.89 
0.94 

1 
1 

1 

2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

3.5 
4.0 
4.5 
5.0 
5.5 

1.51 
1.42 
1.33 
1.26 
1.18 

0.58 
0.54 
0.51 
0.48 
0.44 

0.81 
0.87 
0.91 
0.% 
0.99 

1 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 

2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

4.0 
4.5 
5.0 
55 
6.0 
7.0 

1.24 
1.16 
1.10 
1.03 
0.98 
0.88 

0.47 
0.44 
0.42 
0.39 
0.37 
0.33 

0.75 
0.80 
0.83 
0.86 
0.89 
0.93 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 

4.0 
4.5 
5.0 
5.5 
6.0 

1.32 
1.24 
1.17 
1,11 
1.06 

0-60 
0.57 
0.54 
051 
0.48 

0.80 
0.85 
0,89 
0.93 
0.97 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
30 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 

5.0 
5.5 
6.0 
65 
70 
7.5 
8.0 

1.03 
0.97 
0.92 
0.88 
0.84 
0.80 
0.76 

0.47 
0.44 
0.42 
0.40 
0.38 
0.37 
0.35 

0.78 
0.81 
0.84 
0.87. 
0.89 
0.91 
0.93 

1 
1 

1 
1 

3.5 
3.5 
3.5 
3.5 
3.5 

5.0 
55 
6.0 
6.5 
7.0 

1.11 

1.06 
1.00 

o.% 

0.91 

0.59 
0.56 
0.53 
0.51 
0.49 

0.85 
0.89 
0.92 
095 
0.98 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

3.5 
3.5 
3.5 
3.5 
3.5 
3.5 
3.5 

6.0 
6.5 
7.0 
7.5 
80 
8.5 
9.0 

0.88 
0.83 
0.80 
0.76 
0.73 
0.71 
0.68 

0.46 
0.44 
0.43 
0.41 
0.39 
0.38 
0.36 

0.80 
0.82 
0.85 
0.87 
0.89 
0.91 
0.92 

1 

1 
1 
1 
1 

4.0 
4.0 
4.0 
4.0 
4.0 

6.0 
6.5 
7.0 
7.5 
8.0 

0.95 
0.91 
0.87 
0.84 
0.81 

0.58 
0.55 
0.53 
0.51 
0,49 

0.87 
0.90 
0.93 
0.% 
0,98 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

1 

1 

4.0 
4.0 
4.0 
4.0 
4.0 
4.0 
4.0 

7.0 
7.5 
8.0 
85 
9.0 
9.5 
100 

0.77 
0.73 
0.71 
0.68 
0.65 
0.63 
0.61 

0.47 
0.44 
0.43 
0.42 
0.40 
0.38 
0.37 

0.81 
0.83 
0.86 
0.88 
0.89 
0.91 
0.93 

1 

5.5 
5.0 

8.0 
9.0 

0.74 
0.70 

0.57 
0.53 

0.91 
0.% 

5.0 
5.0 

10.0 
12,0 

0.57 
0.51 

0.43 
0.38 

0.87 
0.92 

1 
1 

6.0 

6.0 

9.0 
10,0 

0.65 
0.62 

0.59 
0.56 

0.89 
0.93 

1 

1 

6.0 
6.0 

12.0 
14.0 

0,48 
0.43 

0.44 
0.40 

0.88 
0.92 

I 

1 

7.0 
7.0 

11.0 
12.0 

0.54 
C.52 

0.51 
0.55 

0.91 
0.95 

1 
1 

7.0 
7.0 

14.0 
16.0 

0.42 
0.38 

0.44 
0.40 

0.88 
0.92 

118 


DUTIES  OF  ENGINEERS  AND  RIGGERS 

387  Engines  must  be  kept  so  that  they  run  without 
noise,  except  the  noise  from  the  gears. 

388  If  an  unusual  sound  is  heard  from  any  piece  of 
machinery,  stop  it  at  once  and  ascertain  the  cause. 
Many  bad  accidents  may  be  avoided  by  strict  observ- 
ance of  this  rule. 

389  Engines  must  be  kept  in  thorough  repair  at  all 

times. 

390  Always  keep  engines  housed. 

391  When  a  derrick  is  not  in  use,  put  the  dog  on  the 
boom  drum  of  the  engine  so  that  boys  cannot  drop 
the  boom  and  cause  damage. 

392  When   engine   on   double   elevator  is   idle,   keep 
friction  down  hard  and   drop  in  the  dogs,  or  there 
will  be  accidents  caused  by  men  getting  on  the  upper 
car  before  the  engineer  is  ready. 

393  Never  allow  the  friction  clutches   of  an  engine 
to  get  wet.     Never  leave  the  levers  down  over  night. 

394  When  leaving  derrick  for  the  night,  either  drop 
the  boom  to  the  ground  or  take  a  strain  on  some- 
thing so  that  the  wind  cannot  blow  the  boom  around 
against  wires  or  Railroad  tracks. 


395  When  an  engine  is  to  remain  out  of  use  for  a 
few  days,  place  a  nail  keg  or  a  board  over  the  smoke 
stack  to  prevent  water  from  rusting  out  the  tubes. 

396  During  wet  weather  daub  the  bright  parts  of  your 
engine  with  gudgeon  grease. 

397  When  starting  an  engine  in  cold  weather,  limber 
it  up  before  placing  any  load  upon   it,   by   opening 
the  drip  cocks  and  the  cocks  on  the  steam  chest  and 
letting  steam  blow  through  for  a  few  minutes  before 
opening  the  throttle  enough  to  start  the  engine.   When 
the  engine  is  first  started  run  it  very  slowly,  leaving 
all   cocks   open.      Many   cylinders   are   cracked  by   a 
sudden  change  of  temperature. 

398  The  head  rigger  is  responsible  for  the  condition 
of  all  engines  and  engine  houses.     He  is  to  take  pack- 
ing out  of  engines  when  they  are  not  in  use.     He  is 
to  keep  engine  houses  in  perfect  repair  at  all  times. 
He  must  see  that  all  engines  are  kept  in  condition 
for  the  greatest  possible  speed. 

399  Oil  all  derricks,  elevators  and  wire  ropes  daily. 
Keep  on  hand  cheap  black  grease  (3  cts.  per  Ib.)  for 
wire  ropes.    These  ropes  will  last  three  times  as  long 
if  greased  and  kept  out  of  grit  and  dirt.     A  wire 
rope   is   not   properly  greased   if  you   can   see   indi- 
vidual wires. 

400  Lay  down  permanent  logs  and  joists  to  keep  falls 
between  derricks  and  engines  at  least  6"   above  the 
ground. 

401  When  a  mast  and  boom  are  not  in  use,  see  that 
they  are  laid  flat  and  supported  in  at  least  three  places. 
This  will  prevent  warping  and  twisting. 

120 


402  Inspect  frequently  all  guy  clamps,  guy  posts  and 
guys    in    windows    to   see   that   they   have   not   been 
tampered  with. 

403  Give  preference  to  the  engineer  who  keeps  his 
engine  in  the  best  condition. 

404  Make  engineer,   when  employed,   sign   a   receipt 
for  the  tools  in  the  engineer's  chest. 

405  Have  all  engine  and  elevator  bells  in  duplicate  to 
avoid  delay  from  breakdowns. 

406  Engineers    should   apply   to    Superintendent    for 
worn  shovels  to  be  used  in  firing. 

407  Cover   engine    water   barrels   completely,   except 
where  suction  hose  enters. 

408  Keep  this  barrel  clean  and  free  from  oil  so  that 
the  boiler  will  not  foam  or  get  a  sediment.     Never 
allow  anyone  to  wash  his  hands  in  this  barrel. 

409  Two  men  are  usually  enough  to  move  an  engine. 
First  pry  or  jack  up  the  front  and  back  and  place 
rollers  under  the  skids,  then  take  a  hitch  around  a 
tree,  post  or  a  "dead  man"  and  let  the  engine  use  its 
own  steam  to  pull  itself  along. 

410  An  engine  with  two  snatch  blocks  can  help  a 
team  out  of  almost  any  difficulty. 

411  Keep  water  in  the  ash  box  of  the  boiler  at  all 
times,  and  keep  the  ash  box  well  cleaned  out.     This 
will  prevent  burning  out  grates  and  will  give  better 
draft. 

412  A    thin,   clean   fire   will   give    100%    more   heat 
than  a  thick  one,  because  a  thick  fire  chokes  the  tubes 

121 


and  combustion  takes  place  not  in  the  tubes  but  in 
the  bonnet. 

413  Blow  off   the   water   glass   several  times   a   day 
and  never  depend  upon  it.     The  water  cocks  are  put 

•     there  to  use  and  are  the  only  sure  way  of  ascertaining 
the  water  level. 

414  Notes  on  Boiler  Scale: — Many  boiler  explosions 
are  caused  by  the  weakening  of  the  iron  from  strain 
due  to  unequal  expansion.     This  is  caused  by  scale 
on   the   heating  surface.     An   accumulation  of   scale 
V32"   thick   requires   10%    more   fuel;   Y16"   of  scale 
requires  20%  more;  Y%"  of  scale  requires  30%  more; 
and  Y^"  requires  60%  more.     By  keeping  the  boilers 
clean,  considerable  fuel  is  saved. 

415  Boiler  Tool  Chest— Tool  chests  which   go  with 
boilers  are  to  contain  spare  sheet  packing,  three  spare 
gauge  glasses  of  proper  size  and  length,  in  addition 
to  all  necessary  tools. 

416  Remove  the  clinkers  from  the  boiler  frequently. 


122 


ROCK   DRILLS 

SHIPPING  TO   JOB 

417  When  shipping  rock  drills  to  or  from  the  C.  M. 
R.  &  T.  Co.,  see  that  the  following  parts  are  present : 

Cylinder    complete  100  feet  steam  hose 

Tripod  Couplings 

Saddle  Drills 

Three    Weights  Wrenches  and  tools 

Weight   Hangers  Blacksmith's    sharpening 
Leg  points,  clamps  and  tools 

set   screws  Oil  cups 

418  The  cylinder  and  all  small  parts  and  fittings  not 
attached  to  tripod  shall  be  boxed. 

SETTING  UP 

419  When  drill  is   set   up,   see  that  the  cylinder  is 
firmly  bolted  to  saddle.     Carefully  adjust  tripod  and 
bed  points  firmly  by  pointing  a  place  in  rock  where 
each  leg  is  to  set.     In  case  one  of  the  points  rests 
on  a  soft  spot,  put  a  common  iron  washer  on  the  leg 
point  and  set  the  latter  on  a  piece  of  plank. 

420  See  that  all  the  nuts,  bolts,  and  adjustments  work 
easily  and  are  well  oiled.     Put  oil  on  the  threads  of 
both  nuts  and  bolts. 

123 


421  Before  connecting  on  the   steam  or  compressed 
air  pipe,  blow  it  out  for  a  short  time  to  clear  it  of 
dirt,  moisture,  rust,   scale,   etc.,   which  are  very  un- 
desirable in  the  valves  and  cylinder  of  the  machine. 

422  See  that  the  cylinder  lubricator  is  in  place  and 
in  working  order. 

OPERATING 

423  Having   set  the   drill  up   over  the   proper   spot, 
draw    the   piston    down   until    it   strikes    the   bottom 
end  of  cylinder ;  run  the  feed  down  until  it  strikes  the 
rock;   then   give   the   feed   one   more   turn   to   allow 
clearance  between  the  bottom  end  of  cylinder  and  the 
piston. 

424  Close  the  throttle  and  connect  on  the  steam  or 
air,  after  blowing  out  pipe.     Clear  out  the  water  of 
condensation  before  starting  to  run  drill.    This  may  be 
done   by   loosening  up   cylinder   heads   and   working 
the  piston  up  and  down  by  hand  until  free  from  water, 
and  well  warmed  up. 

425  Tighten  up  heads  and  start  slowly  until  hole  is 
about  six  inches  deep,  then  open  up  the  throttle  valve 
wide   and  allow   the  machine  to  acquire   full   speed. 
Keep  holes  about  half  full  of  water,  which  will'  keep 
rock  dust  from  clogging  drill. 

426  When  hole  is  to  be  entered  on  a  slanting  face 
of  rock,  spot  a  square  place  on  which  to  start  drill 
and  avoid  breaking  the  tool. 

427  When  placing  drill  in  chuck,  see  that  it  is  entered 
full  distance.     Wipe  the  mud,  dirt  and  oil  from  off 
the  shank  before  placing  in  chuck. 

124 


428  When   the  drill  becomes  stuck  in   the  hole  and 
will  not  work,  loosen  up  chuck  and  back  it  away  from 
the  drill.     When  drill  shank  is  free  from  chuck,  see 
if  drill  and  piston  are  in  line.     If  not,  the  cylinder 
must  be  moved  to  line  with  drill  or  an  attempt  made 
to  straighten  hole. 

429  When  hole  begins  to  run  out,  if  noted  in  time, 
it  can  usually  be   made   straight   by   running  slowly 
with  short  strokes.     Where  other  methods  fail,  drill 
may  often  be  kept  in  line  by  throwing  small  pieces 
of  cast  iron  in  bottom  of  hole. 

430  Set  up  all  the  bolts  and  nuts  occasionally. 

431  Do  not  use  a  sledge  on  your  drill.     It  is  made 
to  deliver  a  blow,  not  to  receive  it.     Make  all  adjust- 

'  ments  with  proper  wrenches,  and  if  necessary  to 
strike  a  drill  with  a  hammer,  use  hand  hammer  and 
use  it  carefully. 

432  The   drills   or   bits   used  with  trie   machine   are 
made  in  sets,  each  containing  several  lengths.     Com- 
monly the  number  of  drills  per  set  is  something  less/ 
than  one  per  foot  of  the  rated  capacity  of  the  ma-' 
chine,  that  is : 

Drills  working  to  depth  of    5ft.  5  drills  per  set. 

Drills  working  to  depth  of    8ft.  6  drills  per  set. 

Drills  working  to  depth  of  12ft.  8  drills  per  set. 

Drills  working  to  depth  of  20ft.  10  drills  per  set. 

433  There  should  be  at  least  two  sets  of  drills  with 
each  machine,  one  of  which  is  being  sharpened  while 
the  other  is  in  use,  as  the  apparatus  is  profitable  only 
when  running. 

125 


434  When  the  hole  is  started,  use  the  shortest  drill. 
This    is    followed   by   the   next    size,    until   the    full 
capacity  of  the  drill  is  reached. 

435  Feed   drill   fast  enough  to  give  it  full  strokes. 
Too  slow  feed  allows  cylinder  to  strike  lower  cylinder 
head;  too  fast  feed  shortens  the  stroke  and  does  not 
get  full  capacity  from  the  machine. 

436  When  starting  run  slowly  to  avoid  making  the 
hole  three-cornered. 

437  It  goes  without  saying  that  a  good  blacksmith 
should   always   be   on   the   job   to   keep   drills   sharp 
and  in  the  best  condition. 

CARE  OF  DRILLS 

438  When  a  new  -man   is   running  drill  it  is  better 
to  have  him  run  it  slowly  until  he  becomes  accustomed 
to  handling  it.     Have  him  use   low  pressure,  about 
30  pounds,  until  he  has  learned,  when  he  may  turn 
on  full  pressure — 60  pounds. 

439  Large  machines  should  not  be  used  for  shallow 
holes  in  soft  rock,  when  the  principal  item  of  cost  is 
that  of  moving  drill.     A  small  machine  is  more  eco- 
nomical. 

440  Pistons  should  be  well  oiled  with  a  good  cylinder 
oil  if  using  steam,  or  No.   1  engine  oil  if  using  air. 

441  The  stuffing  box  on  lower  head  is  a  great  factor 
in    economical   running.     If   it   be   too   tight   it    will 
cause  drill  to  run   hard   and  with  less  capacity.     If 
too   loose,   it  will  cause  leakage  of  steam.     Keep  it 
as  near  right  as  possible,  rather  loose  than  tight. 

126 


442  Feed  cylinder  with  plenty  of  oil,  as  most  new 
drills  give   trouble   from  lack  of  proper  lubrication. 

443  In  cold  weather  see  that  the  machine  is  left  with 
no  water  in  the  cylinder  or  passages. 

444  Practically  all  makes  of  rock  drills  work  equally 
well   with   steam  or  compressed   air,   although   some 
slight   changes   are   made   for  drills   intended   solely 
for  air. 

445  Have  an  ample  length  of  hose  for  each  drill,  at 
least  fifty  feet;  a  hundred  feet  is  better,  as  it  is  not 
economical  to  pipe  every  shift  of  position. 

PIPE,  HOSE  AND  FITTINGS 

446  The  pipe  should  be  amply  large  to  carry  steam  or 
air  for  the  proper  number  of  drills.     Keep  it  away 
from  the  ground  as  much  as  possible,  and  free  from 
wasteful   leaks.     Give   it   a   proper   slant  to  one   or 
more   points   where  the   water  of  condensation   may 
be  removed  through  drip  valves. 

447  Place  a  valve  between  pipe  line  and  hose,  that 
pressure   may  be   removed   from   hose   when   drill   is 
not  working. 

448  When  inserting  coupling  in  hose  end,  "soap"  it 
so  that   it  will   not  stick.      More  hose  is   ruined  by 
carelessly  inserting  the  couplings  than  in  any  other 
way.     The  best  hose  is  five  or  six  ply  marline  or  steel 
wound.     Hose  is  expensive  and  should  be  carefully 
used. 

449  See  that  the   rubber  lining  of  the  hose  is  not 
torn,  for  if  torn  the  steam  will  get  between  the  rubber 

127 


lining  and  the  duck  cover  and  spoil  the  pipe  in  a 
short  time.  Steam  hose  should  last  in  good  condition 
from  six  months  to  a  year  of  constant  use.  Air  hose 
should  last  three  years,  with  constant  use. 

BITS 

450  Bits  for  steam  drills  are  generally  of  two  kinds, 
determined  by  shape  of  cutting  edge : 

A.  The  cross  +  bit,   which  is  most  commonly 
used    and   preferred   because    of    its    regular    shape, 
which  makes  it  easier  to  sharpen. 

B.  The    X    bit,    which   is   sometimes   preferred 
to  the  other  type.     There  are  jobs  on  which  the  X 
bit  can  be  used  economically,  but    it    is    harder    to 
sharpen  on  account  of  its  shape,  and  for  that  reason 
is  not  so  popular.      However,  this   bit  will  make  a 
round    hole    where    the    other    will    not,    since    the 
former  never  strikes  twice  alike. 

451  When  the  cross  +  bit  works  badly  it  is  heated 
and  the  adjacent  corners  bent  toward  each  other  until 
they  take  somewhat  the  shape  of  the  X   bit.     This 
will   often   work   better   and    is   ample   indication   of 
the  kind  of  bit  needed. 


128 


DRILL  HORSE-POWER  REQUIRED 

452  The  boiler  H.    P.   required   for  one  of  each  of 
the  following  sizes  of  drills  is  as  follows : 
Diameter  of  Cylinder  Boiler  Horse  Power 

2^4  inches  5 

2M     "  7 

V/4     "  10 

3^     "  12 

4y2   "  is 

sy2   "  25 

BLACKSMITHS'  TOOLS 

453  For    making   and    repairing    drill    bits,    the    job 
should  have  the  following  tools  for  each  blacksmith: 

1  Dolly  for  X  drill 

1  Dolly  for  +  drill 

1  top-splitting  tool 

1  bottom-splitting  tool 

1  set  hammer 

1  shank  swage 

1  sow 

COSTS  OF  DRILLING 

454  Drilling  by  hand  6200'  of  hole,  cost  per  foot  $.086 
Drilling  by  steam  7500'  of  hole,  cost  per 

foot  .058 

Drilling  by  compressed  air,  10,000'  of  hole, 

cost  per  foot  .043 

Including  reaming  for  blasting. 
129 


HAND  DRILLING 

'455  One  man  with  churn  drill,  fair  day's  work,  10 

hours,  \y±"  hole: 

From  7'  to  8'  of  hole  per  day,  through  granite. 

From  3'  to  5'  of  hole  per  day,  through  solid 
quartz. 

From  8'  to  9'  of  hole  per  day,  through  limestone. 

From  9'  to  10'  of  hole  per  day,  through  sand- 
stone. 

STEAM  ROCK  DRILLING 

456  One  machine  will  drill  hole  1"  to  2"  in  diameter 

from  30'  to  50'  in  depth  in  ten  hours,  depending  on 
kind  of  rock.  Bits  require  sharpening  every  third 
to  fourth  foot  of  depth,  depending  on  the  kind  of 
rock.  One  blacksmith  and  helper  can  take  care  of 
five  or  six  machines. 

Limestone,  steady  work,  3"  drill,  100'  to  120' 
per  day,  10  hours. 

Sandstone,  steady  work,  3"  drill,  100'  to  500' 
per  day,  10  hours. 

Granite,  steady  work,  3>6"  drill,  70'  to  100'  per 
day,  10  hours. 

Trap  Rock,  steady  work,  3^"  drill,  50'  to  90' 
per  day,  10  hours. 

130 


AIR  COMPRESSORS 

r57  The  care  of  the  air  compressors,  their  fittings  and 

appurtenances,   is   to   follow   the   same   general   rules 
that  are  given  for  other  kinds  of  steam  machinery. 

458  In   store   sheds  they  should  be   kept  with   their 
tanks,  piping,  tool  boxes  and  smaller  parts  in  close 
vicinity,  so  that  all  may  be  quickly  found,  loaded  and 
shipped. 

459  In  setting,  compressors  of  whatever  kinds  should 
be  given  a  heavy  concrete  foundation  and  anchored 
with  the  usual  bolts. 

460  A.    There    are    in    general    two    kinds    of    com- 
pressors in  use — the  direct  connected  compressor,  and 
the  belted  or  geared  type.     For  small  jobs  the  latter 
types   are   perhaps   preferable,   as   they  may  be   run 
from  shaft  line  overhead. 

B.  For  compressors  of  large  capacity,  direct  con- 
nected Duplex  machines  give  the   most  satisfaction. 

C.  The  Duplex   machine  has  the  advantage  of 
enabling  the  operator  to  take  down  one  side  for  re- 
pairs  while   running  the   other,   and   if  speed   is  in- 
creased, the  full,  or  nearly  full  capacity  of  the  ma- 
chine may  be  attained  with  one  side. 

131 


APPURTENANCES    OF   COMPRESSORS 

461  Each  compressor  plant  should  have  a  tank,  lo- 
cated within  fifty  feet  of  the  compressor,  of  a  capacity 
of  from  50  to  100  feet,  depending  upon  the  capacity 
of  plant. 

462  The  object  of  the  tank  is  to  act  as  a  reservoir 
and  maintain  even  pressure  in  pipe   line.     It  forms 
a  reserve   space   for  air  which  may  be  needed   for 
sudden  calls  on  the  plant.     It  serves  as  a  condenser 
for  the  moisture  in  the   warm  compressed  air,   and 

•  thus  keeps  the  pipe  line  dry. 

COOLING  WATER 

463  Machines   compressing   air   to   over   twenty-five 
pounds   gauge   pressure    require    cooling   water.      In 
such  plants  the  air  cylinders  are  provided  with  jackets 
or  spaces  through  which  water  can  circulate  and  carry 
away  the  heat  of  the  compressed  air  in  the  cylinder. 
This  is   necessary,   as  the  efficiency  and  capacity  of 
the  compressor  depends  largely  on  keeping  the  air 
cool. 

464  The  cooling  water  may  be  pumped  through  the 
water  jacket  or  simply  allowed  to  gravitate  through 
from   a   tank   or  other   means.      Frequently,   cooling 
water    which   has    been   passed   through   jacket   and 
warmed  is  used  for  feeding  boiler. 

182 


PIPING 

465  In  piping  off  compressor,  it  is  a  good  plan  to  put 
end  of  suction  pipe  out  of  doors  in  a   shady  spot, 
as  it  will  then  draw  cooler  air.     The  air  discharge 
pipe  leads  directly  to  the  air  tank,  and  it  is  advisable 
to  put  a  three-way  cock  on  close  nipple  at  the  end 
of  pipe,  close  to  tank.    This  enables  engineer  to  start 
his  compressor  and  run  it,  at  times,  without  load,  as 
he  may  open  the  three-way  cock  and  discharge  the 
pump  into  open  air. 

GOVERNOR,  ETC. 

466  For  intermittent  work,  such  as  rock-drilling,  etc., 
the  compressor  should  have  attached  to  it  a  form  of 
governor  called   an   "Unloading  Device."     This   un- 
loading device  has  the  effect  of  taking  the  load  off 
the  machine  when  the  tank  is  full  of  air  at  the  pres- 
sure required,  and  little  or  none  is  being  drawn  off 
for  a  time.     Such  devices  generally  attain  the  desired 
result  by  throwing  the  discharge  from  one  end  of  the 
cylinder  into  the  other  end,  so  that  the  piston  simply 
passes  it  back  and  forth  without  compressing.     Other 
devices  act  on  the  steam  supply  to  the  engine,  throt- 
tling down  when  pressure  is  sufficient. 

467  Where   no   unloading   or   throttling   devices   are 
used   there   is   a   constant  blowing   from   the   escape 
valve,  and  all  of  the  excess  of  compressed  air  is  a 
dead  loss. 

133 


AIR  VALVES 

468  The   kinds,    size   and   number  of   valves   in   the 
compressor  are  points  of  vital  importance  to  the  life 
of  the  machine.     They  should  be  ample  in  size  and 
number,  easily  accessible,  and  of  some  type,  prefer- 
ably   metal,    which    will    maintain    a    perfect    seat. 
Leather  valves  are  not  good  enough  to  hold  hot  air 
under  high  pressure.     There  are  two  types  of  valves 
in  use,  and  both  have  their  advantages.     One  is  the 
mechanically   controlled  valve,   like   a  slide  valve  or 
poppet  of  an  engine.    The  other,  the  spring  type  pul- 
sating valve,  is  probably  the  most  popular,  as  it  varies 
its  pulsations  with  the  amount  of  air  passing  through, 
and  may  be  said  to  adjust  itself  to  the  load.     It  is 
very  important  that  the  air  valves  be  located  where 
they  may  be  readily  taken  out,  repaired  and  cleaned. 

469  The  best  practice  is  to  locate  the  valves  in  the 
cylinder  heads  of  the  compressor. 

REHEATER 

470  Where   compressed  air  is  carried  to  a  distance 
in  the  pipes,  it  loses  heat  and  contracts  in  so  cooling. 
To  prevent  this  loss  of  efficiency,   it  is  common  to 
introduce,  in  the  line  at  the  point  where  the  air  is 
to  be  used,  a  "reheater,"  which  warms  the  air  to  the 
point  where  it  was  when  it  left  the  compressor.     By 
this  means,  a  matter  of  30  per  cent  may  be  saved  on 
large  jobs. 

m 


CARE  OF  COMPRESSOR 

471  Before  starting  to  compress  into  the  tank,  blow 
out  the  cylinder ;  get  all  free  from  dirt  and  grit. 

472  For   the   air   cylinder   use   good   engine   or   ma- 
chinery oil.     Do  not  use  cylinder  oil  in  air  cylinder, 
as  it  is  too  heavy. 

473  For  the   steam   end  of  compressor   use  cylinder 
oil  as  directed  under  "Cylinder  Lubricators." 

474  Keep   the   journals    and   brasses    set   up    tightly 
enough  to  avoid  pounding  and  knocking,  but  without 
heating. 

475  See  that  there  is  no  dirt  or  grit  under  air  valves 
and  listen  for  the  wheezing  sound  peculiar  to  leaky 
air  valves. 

476  See  that  cooling  water   flows   continuously  and 
sufficiently. 

477  Read  over  Engine  Rules  for  care  of  steam  end. 

DATA 

478  Where  long  length  transmission  pipes  are  used, 
air  is  more  economical  for  drills  than  steam. 

479  Compressed  air  can  be  carried  for  miles  in  pipes, 
while  steam  can  be  carried  but  a  few  hundred  feet, 

135 


owing  to  condensation.  Hose  lasts  longer  with  air 
than  steam. 

480  For  figuring  the  amount  of  free  air  per  drill,  the 

table  which  follows  gives  the  amount  used  by  one 
drill  only.  For  five  drills  the  amount  may  be  cut 
down  25  per  cent;  for  ten  drills,  about  33  per  cent; 
other  numbers  in  proportion. 


481         CUBIC  FEET  OF  FREE  AIR  REQUIRED  TO  RUN    ONE   DRILL 

OF  SIZE  AND  AT  THE  PRESSURE 

STATED   BELOW 


II 

Size  and  Cylinder  Diameter  of  Drill  in  Inches 

81 

2 

2K 

2^ 

2^ 

3 

ZY* 

3ft 

3X 

3^ 

3^ 

4% 

5 

5^ 

60 

50 

60 

es 

82 

90 

95 

97 

100 

108 

113 

130 

150 

164 

70 

56 

68 

77 

93 

102 

108 

110 

113 

124 

129 

147 

170 

181 

80 

63 

76 

86 

104 

114 

120 

123 

127 

131 

143 

164 

190 

207 

90 

70 

84 

95 

115 

126 

133 

136' 

141 

152 

159 

182 

210 

230 

100 

77 

92 

104 

126 

138 

146 

149 

154 

166 

174 

199 

240 

252 

13(5 


CARE  OF  ENGINES 

STEAM   ENGINES 

482  When  an  engine  is  sent  to  a  job,  the  following 
fittings  are  to  be  sent  with  it : 

Governor  Piston  and  Valve  Packing 

Governor  Belt  Drip-cocks 

Sight  Feed  Lubricator  Cotton  Waste 

Steam    Pipe  Oil  Can 

Exhaust  Pipe  Oil  Feeder 

Oil  Cups  for  Bearings  Can  of  Cylinder  Oil 

Throttle    Valve  Can  of  Lubricating  Oil 

All  spanners  and  wrenches  necessary. 

483  Engines  must  be  sent  out  with  full  complement 
of   fittings   packed   in   a   suitable   tool   box,   provided 
with  padlock. 

484  A  blue  print  list  of  fittings  shall  be  pasted  in 
each  box. 

485  In  running  engine  on  the  job,  see  that  it  is  kept 
clean,  well  oiled,  free  from  all  pounding  and  knocks 
in  the  wrist  pin,  crank  pin,  main  bearings  or  else- 
where.   See  that  it  runs  cool,  and  keep  brasses  keyed 
just  enough  to  avoid  knocking  without  heating. 

486  See  that  each  oil  cup  is  kept  full  of  oil  and  is 
working  properly. 

137 


487  Never    start   an    engine    with    drip-cocks    closed. 
Before   starting   an   engine,   whenever  possible,   blow 
steam  through  the  cylinder  to  warm  it  and  to  clear 
it  from  water. 

488  For  cylinder  oil,  use  heavy  mineral  oil   known 
as  "Cylinder  Oil,"  and  no  other.     For  lubrication  oil, 
use   what  is  known  as   "Number  One"   Engine   Oil. 

489  Never  use  lard  oil  on  machinery.     Pure  "Winter 
Strained"  lard  oil  is  unsurpassed  as  a  lubricant  when 
it  is  pure.     It  is  very  high-priced,  however,  when  pure, 
and  the  common  varieties  whose  prices  are  not  pro- 
hibitive are  full  of  acid  used  in  the  process  of  manu- 
facture, and  consequently    very    detrimental    to    ma- 
chinery. 


ADJUSTMENT   TOOLS 

490  Engineers  are  to  use  proper  wrenches,  spanners, 

etc.,  for  adjusting  parts  of  their  engines.  The  use 
of  cold  chisels,  hammers  and  other  improvised 
wrenches,  or  adjusting  tools  is  forbidden.  If  the 
tool  box  does  not  contain  the  proper  tools,  report 
the  fact  to  the  C.  M.  R.  &  T.  Co. 


CYLINDER     LUBRICATORS 

491  On    every    engine,    without    exception,    shall    be 

placed  a  sight  feed  cylinder  lubricator,  preferably  of 
the  Detroit  Single  Connection  Type  of  the  following 
sizes: 

138 


For  engines  up  to  8x8,  use  a  1-3  pint  sight  feed 
lubricator. 

For  engines  up  to  10x10,  use  a  l/2  pint  sight  feed 
lubricator. 

For  engines  up  to  10x18,  use  a  1  pint  sight  feed 
lubricator. 

492  The  engineer  is  to  see  that  this  lubricator  is  filled 
with  oil   and  is   feeding  evenly.     Put  very  little  oil 
into  the  cylinder  of  the  engine ;  two  drops  per  minute 
is  enough  ordinarily.     For  bearing  cups,  use  the  sight 
feed,  glass  body  variety. 

i 
COLD  WEATHER 

493  In    cold    or    freezing    weather,    when    engine    is 
shut   down    for   the   night,   .drain   all   water   and    oil 
from  the  cylinder  and  lubricator. 

494  When  filling  the  cylinder  lubricator,  use  the  oil 
feeder   provided.     Cylinder    oil   is   too    expensive    to 
waste    by    careless    pouring    from   the    can    into   the 
small  opening  of  the  lubricator. 

VALVE  SETTING 

495  In  case  the  engine  valve  on  job  gets  out  of  order, 
it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Engineer  to  set  the  valve 
as   quickly   as   possible,   without   removing  the  valve 
chest  cover,  if  possible  during  working  hours,  so  that 
less  time  may  be  lost.     If  valve  is  thus  set  during 
working   hours,    it   shall    be    verified    after    working 


hours  by  the  Engineer,  who  shall  remove  valve  chest 
cover  for  that  purpose. 

For  the  guidance  of  the  Superintendent  and  Fore- 
men the  following  notes  are  given: 

496  The  symptoms  of  valve  trouble  show  themselves 
first  in  unequal  exhaust;  that  is,  the  engine  exhausts 
(or  puffs)  on  one  side  harder  than  on  the  other;  it 
seems  to  run  hard  and  to  be  unequal  to  the  usual 
amount  of  work,  and  finally,  when  the  valve  is  very 
far  out,  there  are  numerous  dead  points  where  it  is 
found  impossible  to  start  the  engine. 

497  In  setting  valves,  there  are  always  two  cases  to 
be  considered: 

First:  Where  the  eccentric  cam  is  keyed  to  the 
shaft. 

Second:  Where  the  eccentric  cam  is  set-screwed 
to  the  shaft. 

498  The  operation  of  setting  a  valve  usually  consists 
of  two  parts,  viz :   equalizing  the  valve  travel,   and 
adjusting  the  lead  or  valve  opening. 

499  The  object  of  equalizing  the  valve  travel  is  to 
make   the  lead  or  valve   opening  the   same   at  both 
ends  of  the  cylinder.     The  valve  is  held  on  the  stem 
by  double   nuts   on   either   end.     (See   Cut   No.    1.) 
And  at  the  time  the  engine  leaves  the  shop  they  are 
supposed  to  be  so  set  that,  when  the  eccentric  rotates 
around  the  shaft,  the  valve  will  move  back  and  forth 
equal  distances  on  either  side  of  center  line  of  valve 
seat.    In  the  course  of  time  the  nuts  become  loosened 
or  misplaced  and  the  valve  may  travel  very  unequally, 

140 


opening,  say,  %"  on  one  end  and  not  at  all  on  the 
other.  This,  of  course,  cuts  down  the  amount  of 
steam  on  one  end  of  the  cylinder  and  increases  the 
amount  received  on  the  other,  tending  to  cut  down 
power  of  engine,  causing  it  to  run  one  sided,  or  put- 
ting unequal  strain  on  the  parts. 


etrfc?3&?__?*rtof*fn<t  valve  qiffi  nuts 

nuts 


Out  No.  1 


500  To  equalize  the  valve  travel;  rotate  the  eccentric 
through  360  degrees  on  the  shaft  and  see  that  the 
valve  moves  the  same  distance  each  side  of  center 
of  valve  seat.  To  do  this,  where  the  eccentric  cam  is 
keyed  to  the  shaft,  the  whole  combination  of  shaft, 
cam,  crank,  etc.,  must  be  rotated  one  turn.  If,  how- 
ever, the  cam  is  set-screwed  on  the  shaft,  the  set-screws 
may  be  loosened  and  the  cam  alone  moved.  If  valve 
travel  is  found  to  be  unequal,  adjust  position  of  valve 
on  stem  by  tightening  nuts  on  the  side  where  the 
excess  of  travel  lies,  and  loosen  up  the  other  sid,e. 
After  one  or  two  trials  the  exact  position  may  be 
found. 

141 


501  To  set  a  valve,  i.   e.,  to  give  it  a  proper  lead, 
proceed  as  follows : 

After  having  decided  that  valve  travel  is  equal 
on  both  sides  of  center  of  valve  seat,  the  next  problem 
is  to  set  the  valve  in  proper  position  relative  to  posi- 
tion of  piston,  and  necessarily  to  the  position  of  the 
crank.  In  case  the  eccentric  cam  has  been  keyed  on 
the  shaft  and  the  valve  travel  has  been  equalized, 
nothing  else  can  be  done,  since  the  only  way  to 
change  the  lead  of  the  engine  is  to  change  the  angle 
of  advance  or  relative  position  of  crank  and  eccentric 
cam.  If  engine  were  built  correctly  in  the  first  place 
there  is  very  little  chance  of  this  being  out  of  place 
or  wrong. 

502  When    cam   is    set-screwed    to   the    shaft,    place 
crank  on  back  center,  loosen  up  the  set-screws,  and 
turn  eccentric  ahead  of  crank  (see  Cut  No.  2),  until 


Cut  No. 


it  has  moved  the  valve  to  a  position  which  j.ust  opens 
the  valve  port,  say  1-32  of  an  inch,  which  is  ample 
for  a  small  engine.  When  this  has  been  done,  fasten 

142 


eccentric  cam  to  the  shaft  by  set-screws  and  turn 
the  crank  over  to  the  other  center.  See  if  the  valve 
shows  the  same  amount  of  opening  that  it  dul  on 
the  other  end,  which  will  be  the  case  if  the  travel 
of  the  valve  has  been  equalized  correctly.  Generally, 
however,  imperfect  core-work  in  casting  the  cylinder 
throws  the  position  of  the  port  out  more  or  less, 
and  the  Engineer  must  use  his  judgment  in  setting 
valve  and  equalizing  lead. 


TO  SET  VALVE  TEMPORARILY  WITHOUT 
REMOVING  VALVE  CHEST  COVER 

503  This  is  not  a  very  correct  method,  but  it  is  good 
enough  for  temporary  application  where  time  saving 
is  a  very  important  consideration. 

504  If  the  eccentric  cam  is  keyed  to  the  shaft  and 
the  rods,   links,  etc.,  connecting  cam  to  valve   stem 
are  all  set  right,  the  only  probable  difficulty  is  that 
the  valve  travel  is  unequal.   In  such  a  case,  with  most 
engines,   the   valve   cannot   be   adjusted   without   re- 
moving cover  to  get  at  the  valve  nuts,  and  it  will 
be  more  probable  that  the  trouble  is  caused  by  some 
loose  connecting  part  between  cam  and  valve  stem, 
such  as  loose  key  or  bolt.    However,  if  the  eccentric 
cam  is  set-screwed  to  the  shaft,  the  valve  may  be  set 
readily  in  the  following  way,  without  taking  off  the 
valve  chest  cover: 

505  First,  loosen   the  eccentric  cam   set-screws;   set 
crank  on  rear  center,  open  front  and  rear  drip  cocks, 
open  throttle  valve  so  that  there  is  a  slight  pressure 
of  steam  in  the  valve  chest  and    cylinder,    but    not 
enough  to  move  piston.    With  the  crank  and  shaft  sta- 
tionary, rotate  the  cam  until  the  valve  is  just  open 
on  the  rear  end,  as    will    be    made    evident    by  the 
escape  of  steam  through  the  rear  drip-cock.     Set  up 
screws  in  cam.    Turn  crank  around  and  see  if  steam 
escapes  from  the  other  drip  as  the  crank  is  passing 
the  other  center.     If  so,  the  valve  is   set  approxi- 
mately. 

144 


TO  REVERSE  THE  DIRECTION  OF  ENGINE 

506  To   reverse  an  engine,   it  is   necessary  to   move 

the  eccentric  cam  as  much  back  of  the  crank  as  it 
was  previously  ahead.  With  the  steam  chest  cover 
off,  put  crank  on  the  rear  center.  Note  the  amount 
of  lead,  loosen  up  set-screws  on  eccentric  cam  and 
throw  it  over  past  the  position  of  the  crank  until  it  is 
in  the  same  relative  position  back  of  crank  that  it 
was  previously  ahead  (see  Cut  No.  3),  which  will 


Bangle  of  advance 
of  eccentric 

Connecting  rod 


osition  of  eccentric 
'to  reverse 


Cut  No.  3 

be  determined  by  the  valve  again  coming  to  the 
position  of  lead  previously  noted.  Set-up  set-screws 
in  the  cam,  and  the  valve  is  now  in  position  to  move 
the  engine  in  the  opposite  direction.  Verify  the  valve 
travel  and  lead  on  both  ends  in  the  usual  way.  This 
can  be  done  approximately  with  the  valve  cover  on 
by  using  the  steam  from  the  drip-cocks  as  indicator 
of  the  moment  when  the  valve  opens  or  has  lead. 


145 


507  On  many  engines  the  eccentric  cam  i.s  marked, 

and  there  is  a  corresponding  mark  on  the  shaft  for 
each  position  of  the  eccentric  cam.  One  mark  at 
which  the  eccentric  may  be  set  to  cause  the  engine 
to  go  one  way,  and  another  at  which  the  eccentric 
may  be  set  to  cause  the  engine  to  go  the  other  way. 
(See  Cut  No.  4.) 


Cut  No.  4 

508  Never  tighten  the  double  nuts  on  the  valve  stem 

so  that  they  bind  the  valve.  The  valve  casting  is  de- 
signed to  be  loose,  so  that  when  pressure  is  put  on  it, 
it  will  seat  itself  on  the  planed  surface  over  which 
it  rides.  (See  Cut  No.  1.) 

146 


509  For  setting  valves  of  double  engines,  like  hoist- 
ing engines,  adjust  each  side  separately,  without  ref- 
erence to  the  other,  as  though  it  were  a  single  engine. 

510  For  setting  valves  of  reversible  link  motion  en- 
gines,   the    method    is    similar    and    just    as    simple. 
Throw  the  reverse  lever  into  the  go-ahead  position ; 
set  the  valve  as  previously  noted ;  then  throw  the  lever 
into    the    extreme    reverse   or   backing   position,   and 
the  valve  travel  should  be  correct  without  any  addi- 
tional change.     If  the  engine  be  a  double  reversible, 
treat  each  engine  as  though  it  were  an  entirely  inde- 
pendent machine.    The  principal  trouble  to  be  guarded 
against  in  setting  or  adjusting  double  or  single  rever- 
sible engines,  is  the  loose  motion  of  parts.     The  mo- 
tion  of   the   cam   is    transmitted   to   the   valve    stem 
through  various  levers,    connecting    rods  and  links, 
which,  if  worn  and  full  of  loose  motion,  will  make  it 
difficult  to  equalize  the  travel  and  adjust  the  lead. 


147 


FITTINGS  AND  SUPPLIES 

511  For  sheet  packing  use  good  plain  inserted  cloth 
rubber   packing,   and   "Rainbow"   packing   where   an 
extra  quality  is  desired.  Where  two  finished  surfaces 
go  together  there  is  nothing  better  than  thin   sheet 
lead. 

USEFUL  DATA 

512  The    Horse   Power  of  an   engine   is   a   variable 
quantity,  depending  on  the  size  of  the  cylinder,  length 
of  stroke,  boiler  pressure,  number  of  revolutions  per 
minute,  etc. 

513  The  following  table  shows  in  general  the  capacity 
of  modern  standard  engines   and   may  be  useful   to 
Superintendents    for   estimating   the   power   of   their 
engines : 


Revolutions 

Vertical  Engines 
4  H.P. 

Size  of  Cylinder 
4"  x  5" 

per  Minute 
250 

5  H.P. 

5"  x  5" 

225 

10  H.  P. 

7"  x  7" 

190 

15  H.P. 

8"  x  8" 

180 

20  H.  P. 

9"  x  9" 

160 

25  H.  P. 

10"  x  10" 

160 

40  H.  P. 

12"  x  12" 

160 

50  H.  P. 

14"  x  14" 

150 

148 


Hoisting  Engines  Double  Cylinder 

10  H.  P.  5y2"  xS" 

16  H.  P.  6l/4 "x  10" 

20  H.  P.  7"      x  10" 

30  H.P.  8M"xlO" 

35  H.  P.  8"      x  12" 

50  H.  P.  10"      x  12" 

Horizontal  Stationary  Revolutions 

Engines  Size  of  Cylinder      per  Minute 

6  H.  P.  4"  x  6"                  260 

8  H.  P.  5"  x  8"                  240 

10  H.  P.  6"  x  9"                  200 

15  H.  P.  8"  x  10"                190 

20  H.  P.  9"  x  12"                190 

25  H.  P.  10"  x  12"                190 

30  H.P.  Il"xl5"                190 

40  H.  P.  12"  x  16"                160 

50  H.  P.  14"  x  16"                150 

70  H.P.  16"x24"                150 

125  H.  P.  18"  x  27"                120 

150  H.P.  20"x28"                110 


514  For  making  rough  estimate  on  power  of  engine 

actually  running,  use  this  formula 
2  PLAN 

=  H.  P. 

33,000 

i.  e.,  multiply  twice  the  pressure  of  the  steam  in  the 
cylinder  (which  averages  about  one  half  of  boiler 
pressure),  by  the  length  of  stroke  reckoned  in  feet, 

149 


by  the  area  of  the  piston  in  square  inches,  by  the  num- 
ber of  revolutions  per  minute.  Divide  this  result  by 
33,000  and  you  obtain  the  Horse  Power  which  the 
engine  is  developing  under  the  conditions  named. 
This  formula  would  be  nearly  exact  were  it  not  for 
the  fact  that  we  cannot  get  exact  average  pressure 
in  the  cylinder  without  instruments  especially  designed, 
like  the  steam  engine  indicator,  which  are  used  for 
this  purpose. 

515  One  horse  power  is  equal  to  33,000  ft.  Ibs.  clone 

in  one  minute,  i.  e.,  33,000  Ibs.  lifted  one  foot  per 
minute,  or  33  Ibs.  lifted  one  thousand  feet  per  min- 
ute, etc. 


REMOVAL  OF  ENGINES 

516  Never  ship  an  engine  with  removable  brass  or 
small  fittings  in  place,  where  they  may  be  easily  broken 
or  stolen.    Carefully  pack  them  in  the  tool  box. 

517  The  following  table  of  weights  of  engines  may 
be  of  use  to  Superintendents : 

DOUBLE   CYLINDER  DERRICK    ENGINES. 

10  H.  P.     5^"x8"  weighs  6,100  Ibs. 

16  H.  P.     6y4"  x  10"  weighs  8,000  Ibs/ 

20  H.  P.     7"      x  10"  weighs  8,400  Ibs. 

30  H.   P.     8}4"xlO"  weighs  10,600  Ibs. 

35  H.  P.     8"      x  12"  weighs  16,400  Ibs. 

50  H.  P.  10"      x  12"  weighs  18,000  Ibs. 

ISO 


FITTINGS  TO  BE  SENT  WITH  BOILER 

518  The   following  should   be   sent  to  jobs   with   all 

boilers : 

An  injector  or  inspirator  with  feed  pipe,  check 
valve  and  stop  valve,  gauge  cocks,  water  column  (if 
locomotive  boiler),  water  gauge,  gauge  glass,  safety 
valve,  blow-off  valve,  complete  set  of  grate  bars, 
smoke  stack,  bonnet,  water  barrel,  suction  hose  for 
inspirator,  and  boiler  tools,  such  as  a  hoe,  poker, 
slice  bar  and  flue  cleaner.  For  hoisting  engines,  see 
that  parts  include  friction  levers,  brake  levers,  cylinder 
lubricators,  oil  cups,  and  cotton  waste.  An  engine 
house  and  tool  box  should  be  sent  with  each  engine. 


CARE  AND  MANAGEMENT  OF  BOILERS 

519  The  first  duty  of  the  engineer  when  he  corner 
on  the  job  in  the  morning  is  to  ascertain  the  water 
level  in  the  boiler  and  not  spread  his  fire  or  add  fuel 
until  he  has  done  so.    In  this  way  he  will  save  danger 
and,  possibly,  injury  to  the  boiler. 

520  It  is  the  duty  of  the  Superintendent  to  see  that 
engineers  keep  a  thin,  clean  fire  in  the  furnace. 

521  In  case  the  boiler  is   found  with  low  water  at 
any  time,  immediately  shut  off  all  draught  and  cover 
the  fire  with  ashes  at  once,  or,  if  no  ashes  are  handy, 
use  fresh  coal.    Do  not  put  water  in  the  boiler  or  touch 
the  feed  in  any  way.     Do  not  move  or  tamper  with 
the  safety  valves  or  change  the  steam  outlets,  but  let 

151 


the  fire  gradually  cool  down.  In  this  way  an  explosion 
may  be  avoided  and  the  boiler  escape  without  seri- 
ous injury. 

FOAMING  BOILERS 

522  In  case  the  boiler  foams,  close  the  steam  outlets 
or  throttle  valves  long  enough  to  find  where  the  water 
is  in  the  glass,  and  the  true  level  of  the  water  in  the 
boiler  by  also  trying  the  gauge-cocks.     If  sufficient 
water  is   found  in  the  boiler,  proceed  to  alternately 
blow  and   feed  until  the  water  is   freshened  enough 
to  cease  foaming.     If  the  level  of  the  water  is  low 
and  the  foaming  very  violent,  cover  the  fire  and  let 
the  boiler  cool  down  to  about  10  pounds  pressure  by 
the   gauge ;   then  blow  boiler  entirely  down   and  fill 
up  with  fresh  water,  after  the  boiler  has  become  cool. 

BLOWING  DOWN  BOILERS 

523  No   boiler   can   be   entirely   blown   at   a   greater 
pressure  than  10  Ibs.  on  the  gauge  without  danger  of 
collapse  or  serious  internal  strain. 

524  After   having   blown   down   a   boiler,   under    no 
conditions  fill  the  same   with  water  until  absolutely 
cool.     Many  a  good  boiler  has  been  made  leaky  or 
spoiled  (and  the  remote  cause  of  a  disastrous  explo- 
sion laid)  by  lack  of  attention  to  this  rule. 

525  Superintendent  will  see  that  the  engineer  blows 
down  his  boiler  a  little  at  least  twice  per  week,  and 
blows  it  entirely  down  at  the  end  of  the  job. 

152 


KEEPING  BOILER  IN  GOOD  CONDITION 

526  Engineers   are   responsible  for  the   condition  of 

their  engines  and  boilers.  When  not  running  or  firing 
they  are  not  expected  to  advise  the  Superintendent  or 
consult  the  nearest  foreman  as  to  the  conduct  of  the 
job,  but  are  to  occupy  themselves  with  cleaning  the 
bright  parts  of  their  machines,  repairing  oil  cups, 
wiping,  oiling,  setting  up  glands,  packing  leaky  joints, 
cleaning  boiler  flues,  keying  bolts,  pins,  etc.  (especially 
in  moving  parts),  to  see  that  they  are  not  loose,  as- 
certaining that  no  part  of  machine  has  warmed  unduly, 
examining  boiler  for  leaky  joints,  staybolts,  rivets, 
hand  holes,  pipes,  etc.,  in  short,  attending  to  the  end- 
less details  about  the  machine,  which  will  amply  fill 
an  intelligent  and  money-making  engineer's  time. 


DRY    STEAM 

527  See  that  your  boiler  gives  dry  steam,  thus  saving 

coal  and  water.  A  simple  test  of  dry  steam  is  made 
by  opening  the  upper  gauge  cock.  If  the  steam  com- 
ing from  the  cock  has  a  blue  tinge  and  is  practically 
transparent,  it  contains  no  more  than  one  to  two  per 
cent  of  moisture ;  if  it  appears  white  it  contains  more 
moisture,  and  the  steam  is  said  to  be  excessively  wet. 
Wet  steam  shows  either  that  the  boiler  is  overloaded 
and  too  small  for  the  work  assigned  to  it,  or  else  the 
water  is  dirty,  oily  or  impure  from  some  other  cause. 

153 


WASH   BOILER 

528  Keep   exterior   of   boiler   dry   and   interior    free 

from  scale  and  rust.     Wash  boiler  out  thoroughly  as 
frequently  as  possible. 


FUSIBLE  PLUG 

529  Examine  fusible  plug,  if  boiler  has  one,  and  keep 
its  surface  bright.  This  fusible  plug  should  be  placed 
at  the  highest  fire  line,  but  it  is  not  entirely  reliable, 
and  should  be  examined  frequently. 


SAFETY   VALVE 

530  Engineers  are  instructed  to  try  the  safety  valve 
on  the  boiler  every  day,  without  exception,  and  Super- 
intendents will  note  any  failure  on  their  part  to  do  so. 

531  See  that  the  blow-off  point  for  the  safety  valve 
corresponds  to  the  desired  point  on  the  steam  gauge. 


FEED  VALVE 

532  Engineers  are  responsible  for  having  a  stop  valve 

placed  in  the  feed  pipe  between  the  check  valve  and 
the  boiler,  so  that  in  case  of  a  leaky  or  defective  check 
the  boiler  will  not  be  endangered  and  the  check  may 
be  repaired  with  steam  on. 

154 


CLEAN    FLUES 

533  Superintendents  will  see  that  engineers  clean  the 
flues  of  their  boilers  twice  per  week  if  burning  good 
coal,  and  daily  if  burning  poor  coal — in  case  of  loco- 
motive style  of  boilers. 

534  In  case  of  hoisting  engines,  where  it  is  difficult 
to  get  at  the  tubes,  they  should  be  cleaned  as  frequent- 
ly as  possible. 

BORROWING  TOOLS 

535  No  workman  shall  take  away  the  wrenches,  span- 
ners or  tools  belonging  with  the  steam  plant  of  the 
job,  without  the  consent  of  the  engineer,  and  then 
only  on  the  authority  of  his   foreman,   who  will  be 
held  responsible  for  their  return  to  the  engineer. 

SPECIAL  DUTIES  OF  ENGINEERS 

536  Engineers  are  to  be  on  the  job  early  enough  to 
have  their  machines  ready  for  business  when  the  work 
starts  in  the  morning. 

537  No  engineer  will  be  tolerated   on   the  job  who 
delays  the  work  by  injudicious  firing,  oiling,  wiping, 
etc. 

538  Engineers  will  maintain  a  proper  water  level  in 
the  boiler,  of  about  two  gauges  of  water.     While  too 
little  water  endanger ;  the  boiler,  too  much  water  is 
fatal  to  dry  steaming. 

155 


GRATE   BARS 

539  Engineers  will  see  that  their  grate  bars  are  in 

good  condition  and  report  defective  grates  to  the 
Superintendent.  See  that  they  are  loose  and  have 
plenty  of  chance  to  expand  without  wedging.  If  they 
are  too  long,  so  that  they  wedge,  or  nearly  wedge, 
when  cool,  they  will  expand,  warp  and  twist  when 
hot.  Remedy  such  defects  by  chipping  with  cold 
chisel.  Keep  the  air  spaces  in  grate  free  from  clinkers, 
as  it  requires  air  and  plenty  of  it  to  burn  coal  econom- 
ically. 


GAUGE   COCKS 

540  Engineers  will  keep  their  gauge  and  water  cocks 

clean  and  in  good  condition.  Keep  the  wood  disks 
of  gauge  cocks  in  good  repair,  and  stems  of  cocks 
straight  and  in  good  condition.  Keep  gauge  glass 
clean  and  protected  at  all  times  by  the  proper  brass 
rods. 


VERIFY  WATER   LEVEL 

541  Engineers   are    hereby   instructed   to   verify   the 

water  level  of  the  boiler  frequently  by  trial  of  gauge 
cocks,  and  to  this  end  must  see  that  they  are  kept 
in  good  condition. 

156 


ARCH   DOOR 

542  In  case  of  locomotive  boilers,  engineers  are  to  see 
that  the  door  of  the  back  connection  or  smoke  arch 
fits  closely  and  as  near  as  possible  to  being  air  tight. 


BLOW-OFF  VALVE 

543  Engineers  are  to  see  that  blow-off  valves  are  in 

good  condition  and  do  not  leak.  No  leaky  blow-off 
will  be  tolerated  on  any  job  for  a  single  day,  but 
must  be  repaired  at  once,  temporarily,  by  putting  a 
cast  iron  plug  in  the  outer  end.  The  leaky  valve  must 
be  replaced  by  a  new  one  at  once. 


BLISTERS 

544  All  blisters  which  appear  on  the  boiler  must  be 

trimmed  or  patched  at  once. 


LEAKS 

545  In  case  the  boiler  shows  signs  of  leak  around 
stay-bolts,  brace  bolts,  barrier  bolts,  or  the  like,  the 
engineers  should  endeavor  to  caulk  the  same. 

546  If  boilers  leak  around  hand  holes,   replace   the 
gasket  at  the  earliest  possible  moment. 

157 


547  If  a  leak  appears  in  a  seam,  which  a  slight  amount 
of   caulking   will   not   remedy,   send    for   the   nearest 
boiler  maker  to  come  and,  examine  the  boiler. 

548  Have  boiler  maker  give  a  hand  hammer  test  for 
thin  places  and  decide  whether  caulking,  a  soft  patch, 
or  a  hard  patch  is  required. 

549  A  soft  patch  is  a  piece  of  steel  of  sufficient  size  to 
cover  leaky  or  thin  area,  bolted  to  the  boiler  with  a 
joint  of  thick  red  and  white  lead  paste.     It  is  a  tem- 
porary patch  in  every  way,  but  will  often  remain  good 
for  a  long  time.     By  having  the  boiler  repaired  with 
a  soft  patch,  the  Superintendent  can  often  avoid  the 
expense  of  delay   and   make  the  boiler   last  out  the 
job. 

550  A  hard  patch  is  made  by  cutting  away  all  the 
thin  or  leaky  metal  and  riveting  in  an  entirely  new 
piece  of  metal.    It  is  generally  more  desirable  to  mend 
a  boiler  by  making  a  hard  patch.    This  is  not  always 
possible,  however,  especially  with  small  boilers,  where 
it  is  impossible  to  get  at  the  inside  head  of  a  rivet 
and  hold  it  while  the  other  end  is  being  headed  up. 


LEAKY   TUBES 

551  Roll  leaky  tubes  when  boiler  is  cold,  with  a  Hen- 

derson Tube  Expander.  In  giving  size  of  expander 
wanted  remember  that  size  of  boiler  tube  is  measured 
on  the  outside,  so  that  a  2y2"  tube  will  be  2y2"  outside, 
and  about  2l/4 "  inside.  In  such  a  case,  you  would  ask 
for  a  2y2"  expander,  i.  e.,  to  fit  a  2y2"  tube. 

138 


PLUGGING  TUBES 

552  In  case  tubes  should  leak  from  being  pitted  or 

split,  and  it  is  not  desired  to  lay  up  boiler,  send  at 
once  to  the  office  for  one  or  more  sets  of  cast  iron 
tube  plugs.  State  size  and  length  of  tubes  and  num- 
ber you  desire  to  plug.  This  is  done  with  cast  iron 


ftod  Style 
Best  and  most 
satisfactory  for 
Jong  jobs 

Wedge  Style, 
frequently  used 
as  /hey  can  be 
inserted  while 
boiler  is  under  steam  I 
and  fire  in  firebox 


boiler 


\c.iplug 


washer  .and nut 


plug 


i 

i 

7/77  1       ^ 

r 

c.i.plug                      \  'dplujy 

Cut  No.  5 

plugs  of  the  proper  size,  one  of  which  is  inserted  in 
each  end  of  tube  with  proper  lead  joint,  and  they  are 
held  tightly  in  place  by  a  long  bolt  running  through 
the  tube.  (See  Cut  No.  5.) 


159 


PIPE 

553  In  asking  for  pipe  and  fittings,  remember  that 
the  sizes  of  pipe  as  named  are  merely  nominal,  and 
generally   refer  to  the   inside   diameter   of  the   pipe. 
This  is  especially  uncertain  in  the  case  of  small  sizes. 
For  instance  1%"  steam  pipe  is  1%"  inside  diameter 
and  about  l^T'  outside  diameter.     The  same  is  more 
or  less  true  with  all  sizes  of  pipe,  and  must  be  guarded 
against.     The   following   table   of   standard   sizes   of 
wrought  iron  pipe  for  steam,  gas  or  water,  should 
always  be  referred  to,  in  order  to  avoid  mistakes. 

554  In  making  up  a  pipe  line,  remember  that  a  union 
must  be  placed  in  all  pipe  lines  running  from  one  fixed 
point  to  another  fixed  point.    In  general,  order  "Dart" 
unions,  or  some  other  malleable  iron,  soft-metal  jointed 
union.     Brass  unions  are  too  expensive  for  general 
use,  and  cheap  iron  ones  are  not  good  enough. 


160 


TABLE  OF    DIMENSIONS 
OF 

STANDARD  WEIGHT  OF  WROUGHT-IRON  PIPE 


W  £ 

O) 

0 

<u 

<u 

oJ 

°.2  <u 

«  °  oJ 

a    "o 

"o 

•a  £ 

li 

s 

'35  u 

en 

3  n" 

u 

c 

u 

£  o  jis 

£   g   « 

ej 

0) 

t 

g-  be  o 

£ 

cs  o 

g 

"S  ** 

'55  t) 

4)  0) 

w    ^ 

co 

p 

u 

°I 

•g.2 
tj 

Thickne 

=1 

3-2 

'35  "a 

£  3 
O 

H» 

n 

J3  rt 

gSs 
gwg 

O  <U(/) 

a  a  <u 

fSl 

ID 

IS 

a 

3 

~3 

•£  -*-•  3 

1 

5 

S° 

H'o 

c 

U 

u 

J£° 

i-l    o 

-I 

rt  >- 

In. 

Ins. 

Ins. 

Ins. 

Ins. 

Ins. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ins. 

Ins. 

Ft. 

Lbs, 

In. 

1 

0.405 

0.068 

0.270 

0.848 

1.272 

14.15 

9.44 

0.0572 

0.129 

2500, 

0.243 

27 

A 

1 

0.54 

0.088 

0.364 

1.144 

1.696 

10.60 

7.075 

0.1041 

0.229 

1385. 

0.422 

18 

3*2 

1 

0.675 

0.091 

0.494 

1.552 

2.121 

7.67 

5,657 

0.1916 

0.358 

751.5 

0.561 

18 

& 

i 

0.84 

0.109 

0.623 

1.957 

2.652 

6.13 

4.502 

0.3048 

0.554 

472.4 

0.845 

14 

3*5 

i 

1.05 

0.113 

0.824 

2.589 

3.299 

4.635 

3.637 

0.5333 

0.866 

270. 

1.126 

14 

3*2 

1 

1.315 

0.134 

1.048 

3.292 

4.134 

3.679 

2.903 

0.8627 

1.357 

166.9 

1.670 

114 

& 

li 

1.66 

0.140 

1.380 

4.335 

5.215 

2.768 

2.301 

1.496 

2.164 

96.25 

2.258 

114 

A 

14 

1.90 

0.145 

1,611 

5.C61 

5.969 

2.371 

2.01 

2.038 

2.835 

70.65 

2.694 

lla 

3^1 

2 

2.375 

0.154 

2.067 

6.494 

7.461 

1.848 

1.611 

3.355 

4.430 

42.38 

3.600 

114 

3^ 

24 

2.875 

0.204 

2.468 

7.754 

9.032 

1.547 

1.328 

4.783 

6.491 

30.11 

5.773 

8 

3TS 

3 

3.50 

0.217 

3,067 

9.636 

10.996 

1.245 

1.091 

7.388 

9.621 

19.49 

7.547 

8 

312 

34 

4.00 

0,226 

8.548 

11.146 

12.566 

1.077 

0.955 

9.887 

12.566 

14.56 

9.055 

8 

3*2 

4 

4.50 

0.237 

4.026 

12.648 

14.137 

0.949 

0.849 

12.730 

15.904 

11.31 

10.66 

8 

A 

44 

5.00 

0.247 

4.508 

14.153 

15.708 

0.848 

0,765 

15.939 

19.635 

9.03 

12.34 

8 

A 

5 

5563 

0.259 

5.045 

15.849 

17.475 

0.757 

0.629 

19.990 

24.299 

7.20 

14.50 

8 

6 

6.625 

0.280 

6.065 

19.054 

20.813 

0.63 

0.577 

28.889 

34.471 

4.98 

18.767 

8 

A 

7 

7.025 

0.301 

7.028 

22.063 

23.954 

0.544 

0.595 

38.737 

45.663 

8.72 

23.27 

8 

A 

8 

8.625 

0.322 

7.982 

25.076 

27.096 

0.478 

0.444 

50.039 

58.426 

2.88 

28.177 

8 

312 

9 

9.625 

0.344 

9.001 

28.277 

30.433 

0.425 

0.394 

63.633 

73,715 

2.26 

33.70 

8 

A 

10 

10.75 

0.366 

10.019 

31.475 

33.772 

0.381 

0.355 

78.838 

90.762 

1.80 

40.06 

8 

A 

11 

12.00 

0.375 

11.25 

35.343 

37.699 

0.340 

0.318 

98,942 

13.097 

1.455 

45.95 

8 

A 

12 

12.75 

0.375 

12.00 

38.264 

40.840 

0.313 

0.293 

116.535 

132.732 

1.235 

48.98 

8 

A 

14,00 

0.375 

13.25 

41.268 

43.982 

0.290 

0,273 

134.582 

153.938 

1.069 

53.92 

8 

A 

15.00 

0,375 

14,25 

44.271 

47.124 

0.271 

0.254 

155.968 

176.715 

.923 

57.89 

8 

16.00 

0,375 

15.25 

47.274 

50.265 

0.254 

0.238 

177.867 

201.062 

.809 

61.77 

8 

A 

17.00 

0.375 

16,25 

51.05 

5340 

18.00 

0.375 

17.25 

53.281 

56.548 

0.225 

0.212 

225.907 

254.469 

.638 

69.66 

20.00 

0.375 

19.25 

59.288 

62.832 

0.202 

0.191 

279.720 

314.160 

.515 

77.57 

21.00 

0.375 

20.25 

63.61 

65.97 

22,00 

0.375 

21.25 

66.759 

69.115 

0.179 

0,174 

354.66 

380.134 

,406 

85,47 

24.00 

0.375 

23.25 

73.04 

75.39 

0.164 

0.159 

424.56 

452.39 

,839 

93.37 

161 


BOILER  FITTINGS  AND  TOOLS 

STEAM    GAUGE 

555  The  steam  gauge  of  a  boiler  should  be  plain,  with 
no  ornamentation  of  any  kind,  and  but  little  advertise- 
ment on  the  face.     It  should  be  plainly  and  legibly 
numbered,  and  the  hand  should  rest  on  the  pin  at 
zero  when  the  boiler  is  cold. 

556  Defective  gauges  must  be  repaired,  reported,  or 
replaced  without  delay.     See  that  there  is  a  siphon 
under  each  gauge.    See  that  between  each  gauge  and 
the  boiler  a  stop-cock  is  provided  so  that  the  gauge 
may  be  removed  or  replaced  while  the  steam  is  on. 

WATER    GAUGE 

557  Every  water  gauge  must  be  provided  with  a  good 
shut-off  cock  at  top  and  bottom,  a  valve  at  bottom  by 
which  glass  may  be  drained,  and  two  or  more  guard 
rods  parallel  to  gauge  glass  to  keep  it  from  being 
broken. 

558  No  gauge  glass  smaller  than  ^2"  bore  will  be 
permitted  on  any  boiler. 


BLOW-OFF  COCK 

559  The  blow-off  cock  should   be   provided   with  a 
good  plug  valve  and  not  an  ordinary  gate  or  globe 
valve.    The  plug  has  the  advantage  of  being  simpler, 
less  liable  to  leak,  and  the  position  of  the  handle  tells 
at  once  whether  it  is  open  or  closed. 

TUBES 

560  In  ordering  new  boiler  tubes,  the  Superintendent 
shall  insist  on  charcoal  iron  lap  welded  boiler  tubes 
made  by  the  Allison  Company,  or  guaranteed  equal. 

561  No  steel  tubes  are  to  be  allowed  inside  of  any 
boiler,  shop,  yard  or  job  controlled  by  this  firm. 

562  The  Allison  tube  must  be  ordered  from  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  or  through  the  Agents  at  Providence,  R.  L, 
— Mr.  E.  M.  Shaw,  Bannigan  Building. 

563  The   common   iron   boiler   tubes   on   the   market 
throughout  New  England  are  not  to  be  depended  upon, 
and  the  very  best  tubes  are  none  too  good. 

COAL 

564  In  calculating  the  amount  of  coal  needed  for  a 
boiler,  use  the  following: 

The  average  boiler  burns  12  Ibs.  of  soft  coal  per 
hour  per  square  loot  grate  surface.  Figure  up  the 
square  feet  of  grate  surface  and  multiply  by  12,  and 
you  have  the  number  of  pounds  of  coal  you  need  per 
hour. 

163 


WATER 

565  For  calculating  the  water  required  for  the  boiler, 

roughly : 

Multiply  the  H.  P.  of  your  boiler  by  30,  which 
gives  the  pounds  of  water  per  hour;  then  divide  by 
8,  which  gives  approximately  the  number  of  gallons 
per  hour.  (i.  e.,  Am.  Society  Mechanical  Engineers 
rule  is  that  one  boiler  H.  P.  equals  30  Ibs.  of  water 
evaporated  at  70  Ibs.  gauge,  per  hour;  feed  water  at 
100  degrees  F.) 


164 


PUMPS 

COST  OF  PUMPING. 

566  Triplex,  belted,  or  geared  pumps  require  from 
two  to  four  Ibs.  coal  per  H.  P.  hour;  Small  steam 
pumps,  twenty-five  Ibs.  per  H.  P.  hour ;  Inspirators  or 
Ejectors  about  100  Ibs.  per  H.  P.  hour;  Centrifugal 
direct  connected  or  belted  pumps  from  five  to  ten 
Ibs.  per  H.  P.  hour. 

TO  SET  UP  A  CENTRIFUGAL  PUMP, 

WHETHER  DIRECT  CONNECTED 

TO  ENGINE  OR  NOT. 

567  See  that  it  has  a  firm  bed  so  that  it  will  not  shake 
to  pieces.     If  belt  is  used  with  pump,  attach  power 
in  such  a  way  that  pump  will  rotate  or  run  in  the  di- 
rection of  the  scroll.     Put  the  suction  in  place  in  a 
thorough  manner  and  see  that  there  are  no  air  leaks 
in  the  pipes  or  joints.     On  the  end  of  suction,  place 
a  combined  strainer  and  foot  valve,  the  latter  to  enable 
the  engineer  to  prime  the  pump  by  inserting  hose  in 
the  discharge.     Use  discharge  pipe  full  size  bore  of 

165 


pump,  and  suction  pipe  at  least  one  size  larger.  See 
that  the  stuffing  boxes  on  either  end  of  shaft  are  well 
packed  and  well  oiled.  Remember  that  no  pump  will 
lift  water  much  over  thirty  feet,  and  a  centrifugal 
pump  scarcely  over  twenty-eight  feet,  although  any 
pump  with  plenty  of  power  behind  it  will  force  water 
very  much"  further.  Imperfect  connections  cause 
trouble  and  prevent  starting  pumps.  See  that  the 
suction  pipe  is  large,  air-tight,  and  with  few  bends  and 
elbows. 

568  In  cold  weather  drain  the  pump  out  to  prevent 
freezing,  when  it  is  not  in  use. 

569  For  the  convenience  of  Superintendents,  the  fol- 
lowing tables  show  the  speed  required  and  the  power 
necessary  for  centrifugal  pumps. 


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NOTES    ON    PUMPS 

570  In  general,  it  may  be  said  that  centrifugal  pumps 
are  by  far  the  most  advantageous  for  the  contracting 
business.      They   contain    no   valves,    are   not   easily 
clogged  by  sand  or  dirt,  and  they  are  very  econom- 
ically run  as  far  as  coal  is  concerned.     However,  it 
may  be  necessary  for  a  Superintendent  to  set  some 
form  of  a  Reciprocating  Steam  Pump.     The  follow- 
ing notes  will  be  of  use : 

571  It   is   better,   on   general   principles,   to   use  the 
Duplex  Pump,  as  it  is  by  far  the  simplest. 


DIRTY   VALVES 

572  The  most  frequent  trouble  in  the  ordinary  steam 
pump  comes  from  dirt  in  the  water  valves.  In  case 
the  pump  will  not  draw,  remove  water  end  cover 
and  middle  plate,  and  examine  rubber  valves.  If 
dirty,  clean  the  sand  and  grit  from  the  seats,  see  that 
the  rubber  valves  are  soft  and  pliable,  and  that  the 
springs  are  not  broken  and  are  in  running  order. 


170 


AIR   CHAMBERS 

573  Where  there  is  a  long,  hard  lift,  it  is  very  useful 

to  put  on  what  is  called  an  "Air  Chamber"  on  the 
suctions.  This  is  usually  a  vertical  piece  of  pipe, 
three  or  four  feet  long,  closed  on  the  top,  erected 
from  the  suction  pipe  near  the  pump.  This  air  cham- 
ber tends  to  collect  the  air  from  the  water  in  the  suc- 
tion and  prevents  the  suction  from  breaking  or  air 
collecting  in  the  cylinder  and  cushioning  between  the 
piston  and  head. 


171 


INDEX 

RULE 

Accidents,  blanks,  where   sent 3 

notification  of,  where  sent 3 

photographs  wanted  of 94 

see  effects  of  acid  on  ropes 80 

Acid,  not  to  be  stored  in  lockers 80 

washing  down  brickwork 342 

Acid,  Oil  and  Explosives,  how  stored 73 

Accounts,  Expense,  Rules  for 282  to  284 

Advertising,  use  portable  sign  on  job 53  &   54 

value  of  photographs  for 90 

Addresses  of  Steady  Pay  Men  to  be  on  file 67 

of  workmen  desired  17 

Additions  to  plans,  importance  of  receiving  orders  for.  .  42 

Adjoining  Buildings,  get  photographs  of 90 

Agents  of  Unions,  privileges  and  limitations  of 19 

Aggregates  in  concrete,  Tables  for  quantities  of 386 

Agreements  with  Unions,  signing  same  forbidden......  22 

restrictions  against  signing 28 

Air  Chambers,  care  of 573 

Air  Compressors,  care  of  457 

cooling  water  for 463 

advantages  of  governors  on 460 

suggestion  for  piping 465 

rules    for    use    of 457  to  460 

use  of  Reheater   for 470 

tank  to  be  furnished  for... 461  &462 

valves  for  use  of 468  to  469 

Air  Valves,  types  and  use  of 468 

172 


RULE 

Alarm  Boxes,  location  of  Fire 46 

Aldermen,  Board  of,  applications  for  permits 124  &  125 

Allison  Boiler  Tubes,  always  order 560  to  563 

Ambulance,  post  telephone  number  of  nearest 47 

Angles  in  brickwork,  responsibility  of  Bricklayer  for. .  308 

Applying  for  Permits,  instructions  for 124  to  126 

Apprentice  Boys,  Steady  Pay  Men  are  to  help  them 65 

rules  regarding  59 

Appurtenances  of  Compressors 461  &  462 

Arch  Doors,  fit  of,  in  Locomotive  Boilers 542 

Architects,  orders  from '. 6 

Artificial  Stone,  tables  for  computing  quantities  for 386 

Asphalt,  how  to  extinguish  when  burning 79 

Average  Freight  Service,  take  advantage  of 33 

Bags,  how  to  pack  cement 61 

Bars,  how  to  find  the  weight  of  Iron 129 

how  to  find  the  weight  of  steel 129 

Barrels,  care  of  engine  water 407  &  408 

how  to  cover  gasoline 77 

Batter  Boards,  how  to  make 40 

Beams,  keep  cement  mortar  away  from  wooden 329 

Beginning  work  24 

Bellows  Falls,  letter  from  Engineer  regarding 72 

Bells  for  Elevators,  always  provide  duplicate 25  &  405 

for  Engines,  always  provide  duplicate 25  &  405 

Bills,  duplicate  and  triplicate  sets  required 296  &  297 

general  instructions    291  to  302 

of  Lading,  when  shipping  cement  bags  get  duplicate  61 

Blisters  on  Boilers,  treatment  of 544 

Blow-off  cocks,  kind  of 559 

Blow-off  valves,  condition  of 543 

Blacksmith's  tools  for  Rock  Drills,  list  of 453 

Board  of  Aldermen,  permits  usually  granted  by 125  &  126 

Board  Measure,  how  to  calculate 131  &  148 

Boards,  advantages  of  strapping 41 

173 


RULE 

Boilers,  amount  of  coal  required 564 

amount  of  water  required 565 

blisters  on,  how  treated 544 

blowing  down  of 523  &  524 

calking  leaks  in 547 

fittings  for,  to  be  sent  with  boiler 518 

fittings  and  tools,  kinds  of 555  &  556 

foaming,  cure  of 522 

hand  hammer  test  548 

how  to  keep  in  good  condition 526 

leaks,  remedy  for   545  &  550 

Locomotive,  arch  doors 542 

management   of    519  to  521 

patching  of   549  to  550 

rules  for  care  of 519  to  521 

scale,  notes  on 414 

tool  chest,  contents  of 415 

testing  of  548 

tubes,  ordering  of 560  to  563 

verifying  water  level  at  intervals 541 

washing  of  528 

Bond  in  Brickwork,  best  kind  of 306  &  307 

Boom  Derricks,  care  of  401 

signals  for 51 

Books,  Manifold,  Rules  for  keeping 132  to  140 

return  of  32 

Borrowing  Tools,  instructions  as  to 535 

Boss  of  the  Line  and  Wall 311,  313  to  318 

Boxes,  making  of  63 

mortar,  making  of  346  to  352 

for  receipt  of  Suggestions Page  28 

Fire  Alarm,  post  location  of 46 

Branding  Tools  81 

Breakdowns  in  Engines,  instructions  as  to 25 

174 


RULE 

Brick,  measuring  of   148 

value  of  large  size 12 

when  condemned,  disposal  of 175 

Brickwork,  Rules  for  306  to  370 

Broken  Stone,  measuring  of 147  to  150 

Buildings,  store  no  Gasoline  in 78 

Business  Agents  of  Unions,  treatment  of 19 

Care  of  Boilers 519  to  521 

Concrete  Mixers 383 

Engines 482  to  489 

Machinery  .  .  . 81  to  89 

Materials 60 

Plant 60  &84 

Tools 81'to  89 

Cards,  White  List,  Rules  for  use  of 32  &  285  to  290 

Camera,  how  to  load 99 

Superintendent's  responsibility  for 97 

where  sent  and  how 97 

Carpenter  Foreman,  to  grant  requests  of  others..." 68 

care  of  Plumb  Rules  and  Spirit  Levels  85 

responsibilities  for   Brickwork 309 

Carpenters,  preference  to  men  with  best  tools 37 

Cash  Accounts  (C)  Rules  for  use  of 262  to  267 

Cast  Iron  Plates,  to  find  weight  of 130 

Cement,  amount  of  water  to  use  in 373 

bags,  how  to  pack 61 

how  to  pile ; . . .  62 

mortar,  rules  for  making 334  to  335 

piling  of  62  &  378 

quantity  specified   376 

sampling  of    385 

testing  of 385 

when  condemned,  disposal  of 175 

Centre  Boards  for  Scaffold,  making  of 354 

Centrifugal  Pumps,  notes  on Pages  165  to  171 

how  to  set  up 567 

175 


RULE 

Changes  and  Additions  to  Plans 42 

Checks  for  workmen,  use  of 181 

Checking  materials 9 

quantities,  Tables  for,  etc 128  to  131 

Chimneys,  Rules  for  rapid  construction  of 355  to  370 

Tallest  Chimney  in  Boston Page  112 

Chloride  of  Lime,  use  of 27 

City  Hall,  apply  for  permits  to 124  &  126 

Clamps,  inspection  of  guy 402 

Cleaning   Flues    533  &  534 

Closet,  water  27 

Clutches,  Friction,  care  of 393 

Coal,  amount  needed 564 

Coefficient  of  Expansion  in  Concrete 379 

Combination   Signals    52 

Communications,  how  to  address 2 

Compressors,  Air,  Rules  for  use  of 457  to  460 

transmission  pipes  for  478  to  479 

tanks  for   461 

Compression  strength  of  concrete 380 

Common  Brickwork,  best  Bond  for 307 

Condemned  Brick,  disposal  of 175 

Cement,   disposal   of 175 

Lumber,  disposal  of 175 

Materials,  disposal  of 175 

Concrete  Mixers,  care  of  383 

repairing  of 82 

Concrete,  amount  of  water  to  use 371 

coefficient  of  expansion  379 

dry,  disadvantages  of  371 

forms,  use  of  wire  in 377 

ramming,  importance  of 372 

Rules  for  making 371  to  386 

sand,  kind  of  374 

176 


RULE 

Concrete,  Tables  for  computing  amount  of  aggregates  386 

strength  of  in  compression 380 

wet,  advantages  of  371 

Contractors'  Machinery  Rental  &  Transportation  Com- 
pany, preference  for 38 

Contracts,  starting  of  new 14 

Corners   in   Brickwork 308 

"Cost-Plus-A-Fixed-Sum,"  What  it  means. Page  15  &  Rule  70 

Cost  of  pumping 566 

Rock  Drilling   454  &  455 

by  hand  454 

by  steam 456 

Cost  Reports  (C  R)  use  of 254  to  261 

Couplings  of  Suction  Hose,  save  them 88 

Credits  for  materials,  see  rule 175 

Cracks  in  adjoining  buildings,  get  photos  of. 90 

Cut  Stone,  washing,  with  acid  343 

wooden  wedges  for  331 

Cutting  handle  of  rubber  stamps 50 

Cylinder  Oil,  use  of 488 

kind  to  use , 488 

Cylinders,  how  cracks  are  caused  in 397 

Daily  Letters  (D  L),  Rules  for. 163  to  173 

Data  on  Centrifugal  Pumps Pages  165  to  171 

on  Engines    512  to  514 

on  Horse  Power,  general  information 512  to  514 

for  Horse  Power,  Rock  Drills   452 

Dating  Photographs    115 

Derrick  Boom,  signals  for  52 

Derricks,  care  of  falls 400 

care  of  in  general 391  &  394 

oiling  of   399 

Dirty  valves,  remedy  for 572 

Discharge  Slips,  use  of 177  to  181 

Discharging  Workmen  177  to  181 

177 


RULE 

Divisions,  sub-divisions  of  workmen's  time 43 

Division  of  workmen's  time 13 

Door  Frames,  how  checked 9 

setting  of 310 

Drawings,  how  to  stamp  and  receipt  for 4 

return  of   32 

Drills,  Rock,  air  required  to  run 481 

care  of   438  to  445 

how  to  operate  423  to  437 

how  to  ship 417 

setting  up    419 

Drilling  Rock,  cost  of 454  to  455 

cost  of  by  hand 454 

cost  of  by  steam 456 

Dry  Steam,  advantage  of 527 

Duties  of  Engineers  and  Riggers 387  to  416 

Timekeeper    64 

Duplicate  T  Tickets 139  &  140 

Dynamite,   storing  of 73  to    75 

Engines,  Bells,  duplicates  on  job 405 

care  of  392,  482,  493  &  494 

covering  water  barrels 407  &  408 

data  on  512  to  514 

fittings  for  482  to  489 

Fittings  and  Supplies '. . . .  511 

Hoisting,  cleaning  flues 533  &  534 

how  housed 390 

how  to  move 409 

how  to  start. 397 

how  to  ship  483 

how  to  reverse  direction 506 

rules  for  running 482  to  489 

Earthquakes,  Insurance  against  29 

see  Brickwork  307 

178 


RULE 

Elevators,  bells,  duplicates  on  job 25  &  405 

care   of    392 

oil,  kind  to  use 488 

oiling  of    399 

signals   for   51 

Engineer,  orders  from   6 

Engineers,  ask  for  old  shovels   406 

duties   of    387  to  416 

how  to  use  lubricator 492 

preference  given  to  careful 403 

responsibilities  of  Head  Rigger  with 398 

special   rules    536  to  538 

to  give  receipts  for  tools 404 

Engineers  &  Riggers,  duties  of 387  to  416 

Engine  Houses,  Responsibilities  of  Head  Rigger 398 

Envelopes  of  workmen,  disposal  of  unclaimed 200 

Estimates,  Rule  governing  giving  of 7 

Estimating  Horse  Power 514 

Estimating  quantity  of  water  for  boilers 565 

Evaporation    of    gasoline 77 

Expansion  in  Concretes,  coefficient  of 379 

Expanders,  Tube,  best  kind  and  size  of 551 

Expense  Account,  Rules  for  use  of 282  to  284 

Exploders,    storing   of 76 

Explosives,  Acid  and  Oils,  how  stored 73 

Extra  work,  instructions  as  to 137 

Feed  Valves,   Engineer's  responsibility  for 532 

Films,    size    of 98 

Field  System,  books    when    kept 1 

ignorance  of  rules 21 

violation  of  rules 20 

Fire  Alarm  Box,  location  of,  to  be  posted 46 

Fire  Department,  telephone  number 47 

Fire    Insurance 29 

Firing  Boilers,  get    old    shovels 406 

179 


RULE 

Firing  Boilers,  best  kind  of  fire 412 

clinkers  should  be  removed 416 

removing  clinkers 416 

Fittings,    Boiler,    kind    of 518,  555-556 

how    to    ship 483  &  484 

Fittings  and  Supplies  for  Engine 511 

Flues,  cleaning  of 533  &  534 

Foaming  Boilers,  cure  of 522 

Foremen,  how  report  and  when 58 

Foremen  Carpenters,  care  of  Plumb  Rules  and   Spirit 

Levels    85 

granting  others'  requests 68 

responsibility  of  309 

Foremen  Masons,  care  of  Plumb  Rules  and  Spirit  Level  85 

granting  others'  resquests 68 

responsibilities  of   309 

Foremen,  see   importance   of  "Harmony" 69 

Forms,  for  concrete,  use  of  wire 377 

Manifold,   where    sent , 151  to  162 

Formulae  for  estimating  Horse    Power 514 

for    boilers 565 

Formulae  and  Tables  on  concrete 386 

for  checking  quantities 128 

Fusible  Plug,  examination  of . . . 529 

Frames,  door,  setting  of 310 

windows  and  doors,  how  checked 9 

window,   setting  of 310 

Freight,   Average   service 33 

to  be  prepaid  on  cement  bags 61 

rules    for 303  to  305 

Friction  Clutches,  care  of 393 

Garvin  Falls,  letter  from  Engineers 72 

Gasoline  Barrels,  to  be  covered 77 

evaporation   of    77 

180 


RULE 

Gasoline,  how  to  extinguish  burning 79 

storing    of    77  to  79 

Gauge  Cocks,  condition  of 540 

Gauges,  for  splines 36 

Steam,  kind  of 555  &  556 

Water,  kind  of 557  &  558 

General  Outlines  of  Field  System Page  13 

Gilbreth  Scaffold,  Economy  in  use  of 346 

setting  up   351 

saving  of  labor 352 

system  of  taking  down 353 

use  of 319 

Governors,  etc.,  for  Air  Compressors 466 

Grate  Bars,  condition  of 539 

Grates,  to  prevent  from  burning 411 

Graft,  suppression  of • 66 

"Grand-Stand  Plays,"  futility  of 69 

Granite,   measuring   of 147  to  150 

Gravel,   measuring  of 147  to  150 

Greasing,  Engine  parts,  importance  of 396 

Grease,  Gudgeon,  use  of 396 

Guy  Clamps,  inspection  of 402 

Gudgeon,  Grease,  use  of 396 

"Harmony,"  importance  of 69 

Hand  drilling  Rock,  cost  of 455 

Headers,  in  Brickwork,  see 307 

metallic,  in  Brickwork 307 

Head  Rigger,  Resp6nsibilities  of 398 

Hoisting  Engines,  cleaning  flues 533  &  534 

Hollis  French  and  Allen  Hubbard,  letter  from 72 

Horse   Power,   Data 512  to  514 

how  to  estimate,  formulae 514 

Hospitals,  telephone  number  to  be  posted 47 

Hose,  Suction,  care  of 88 

How  to  address  cummunications,  letters,  etc 2 

181 


RULE 

Ignorance  of  Rules 21 

Inspection  by  Owners  or  Officials 5 

Inspection  of  Safety  Valve 530  &  531 

Inspection   of   Scaffolding 344  to  354 

Insurance,    Fire,    etc 29 

Interiors,  photographing  of 110 

Iron  Bars,  to  find  the  weight  of 129 

Jobs,  starting  new 14 

Labor    requirements    15 

Ladders,  how  made 86 

Law   Suits,  see  Photograph  System 90 

Laying  out  work 31 

Leaks,  in  Boilers,  Remedy 545  to  550 

Leaks,  repairing  of 547 

Leaking  tubes,  cure  of 551 

Letter  from  Hollis  French  and  Allen  Hubbard 72 

Letters,  how  to  address 2 

how  kept 134 

return   of    32 

Levels,  Spirit,  care  of 85 

Lightning,  Insurance  against 29 

Lime,  how  to  pile 62 

mortar,  Rules  for  making 334  &  335 

use  of,  in  Water  Closets 27 

Linseed  Oil,  use  of 341 

List  of  Tools Pages  79  to  84 

Loam,  measuring  of 147  &  150 

Location  of  Fire  Alarm  Box  to  be  posted 46 

Lockers,  store  no  gasoline  in 80 

Locomotive  Boilers,  arch  doors  of 542 

Lowell  Laboratory,  how  scaffolded,  a  good  example 354 

Lumber,  how  to   measure 131-148 

piling  of    34  &  35 

when  condemned,  disposal  of 175 

182 


RULE 

Machinery,   care   of 81  to  89 

in  working  order  when  shipped 89 

ordering  duplicate  parts 383 

parts  of,  kept  together 84 

Mailing  photographs,  rule  for 93 

Making  tool  boxes 63 

Manifold  Books,   return   of 32 

rules  for  keeping 132  to  140 

Manifold   forms,  where   sent 151  to  162 

Mason  Foremen,  care  of  plumb  rules  and  spirit  levels. .  85 

granting  others'  requests 68 

responsibility   for  Brickwork 309 

Mass.  Inst.  of  Tech.  how  scaffolded,  a  good  example. ..  354 

Masts  care  of  Derrick 401 

Materials,  care  of 60,  X-Y 

checking    of    9 

credits  for,  see  rule 175 

when  condemned,  disposal  of . .  . 175 

Material  Sheets  (M),  Rules  for 202  to  216 

Measure,  Board,  how  to  find 131-148 

Measuring,  Brick 148 

Broken  Stone  147  to  150 

Gravel    147  to  150 

Granite    147  to  150 

Lumber,  method    131  &  148 

Loam    147  to  150 

Slate  Pinners  147  to  150 

Stone  147  to  150 

Sand  147  to  150 

Timber,    method    of 131  &  148 

Measuring  Sticks,  economical  kind 41  &  325 

Mechanics,  when   wanted 15 

Men's  names  wanted 17 

Messages,  Long  Distance  Telephone , , , , 45 

183 


RULE 

Metallic  headers  in  Brickwork 307 

Mixers,  Concrete,  care  of 383 

repairing  of   82 

Mortar  Boxes,  making  of 346-352 

cement,  Rules  for  making 334-335 

examination  of,  for  chimneys 359 

lime,  rule  for  making 334-335 

Rules  for  making 333  to  340 

Negatives,   how   numbered 115, 118  to  122 

New  Contracts,  starting  of,  instructions  as  to  accidents.  14 

supplies   wanted    14  &  123 

New  Shovels,  advantage  of 87 

Notes  on  Boiler  Scale 414 

Notes  on   Pumps 568 

Notes  on  Reciprocating  Steam  Pumps 571 

Numbering  Photographs,  system  of 115 

Officials,  inspection  by 5 

Office,  unnecessary  bother  to 16' 

Oils,  Explosives  and  Acid,  how  stored 73 

Oil,  Cylinder,  kind  to  use ; 488 

lubricating,  kind  to  use 488 

for  Brickwork    341 

how  to  put  out  burning 79 

kind  not  to  use 489 

quantity  to  use  in  cylinders 491 

Oiling,  Derricks,  Elevators,  Ropes,  etc 399 

down   Brickwork    341 

Old    Cement,    storing 62 

Shovels,  give  to  Engineer 87  &  406 

Operating  Rock  Drills 423  to  437 

Orders  (O),  Rules  for  use  of 218 to 238 

to   prevent   confusion 6 

from  Architect    6 

from  Engineer 6 

for  material  given  by  the  Owner,  rule  for 239  to  241 

from  Owner   6 

184 


RULE 

Owners  Orders,  Rules   for 239  to  241 

inspection    5 

orders    .  6 


Packing,   cement  bags 61 

Papers,  return  of 32 

Partial  Shipment  Blanks  (P),  Rules  for  use  of 242  to  248 

Parts  of  machinery  to  be  kept  together 84 

Patching   Boiler    549  &  550 

Pay-Roll  orders  (P  R),  use  of 177 

Paying  off  workmen 177  to  181 

Paymasters'    Requisitions,    instructions   on 198 

Peach  Basket  form  for  chimney  tops 366 

Permits,  how   to   obtain 124-126 

Photograph    System    90  to  101 

Photographing,  Rules  for. 90  to  101 

Photographing  moving  objects Ill 

Photographs,  how  dated 115 

how    numbered    115 

how  to   mark 112 

how  to  mail 93  &  112 

kind  of  paper  for  prints 117 

portable  signs  used  on  jobs 54 

Pinners,  Slate,  measuring  of 147  to  150 

Piling  Cement,  care  in 378 

Lumber    34  &   35 

Pipes,  City,  for  Sewer,  location  of 124  to  127 

for  City  Water,  location  of 124  to  127 

kind  and  size  of 553 

line,  making  of 554 

Tables  of    Page  161 

Transmission,  for  air 478  &  479 

for  steam .479  &  480 

Piping  for  Air  Compressors 465 

Plans,  additions  or  changes  to 42 

how  stamped  4 

185 


RULE 

Plans,  receipt  of 4 

return  of 32 

Plant,  care  of 60 

drawings  for  installation  of 382 

notes    when  purchasing 38 

set  up  for  jobs 381 

Plates,  Cast  Iron,  to  find  weight  of 130 

Plumb  Bond,  best  kind 330 

Plumb  of  the  lead,  see  Brickwork 308 

rules,   care   of 85 

Plugs,  Fusible,  examination  of 529 

Plugging  of  tubes 552 

Plug  valves,  for  Blow  Off  Cocks 559 

Poles,    measuring    41 

Police  Department,  telephone  number  of,  to  be  posted.  .  47 

Portland  Cement,  use  of  water  with 373 

Powder,  storing  of 73 

Presents,  etc.,  suppressing  of  subscriptions  for 66 

Prints  of  Photos  not  mounted 116 

Prizes  for  Suggestions Page    28 

Privy,    temporary    '. 27 

Promotions,  requirements  for 71 

Portable  Signs,  use  of 54 

Pumps,  cost  of  pumping 566 

Centrifugal,  how  to  set  up 567 

notes  on    570 

notes  on  Centrifugal Pages  165  to  171 

Reciprocating,  Steam,  notes  on 571 

Purchase  Requisitions  (R),  Rules  for  use 249  to  253 

Quitting  Work  '.  24 

Railways  for  Stock,  see  Chimneys 362 

Rainy  weather,  see  Steady  Pay  Men 60 

Ramming  Concrete,  importance  of 372 

186 


RULE 

Records,   see   Photograph   System 90 

Receipts,  for  materials  cash,  etc 11 

from  Engineer  404 

of   Plans    4 

Reciprocating  Steam  Pumps,  notes  on 571 

Reheater  for  Air  Compressor,  use  of 470 

Removal    of    Engines 516  to  517 

Repairing  Concrete   Mixers 82 

Mixers    , 82 

tools     82 

Representatives  of  the  Firm 71 

Reports,  rules  for 49 

Reputation  of  Firm,  maintaining  same 70 

Requisitions  for  Purchasing,  Rules  for 249  to  253 

Paymasters,  instructions  on 198 

Revolution  Table    Page  168 

Riggers,   Responsibilities   of 398 

and  Engineers,  duties  of 387  to  416 

Right  of  Way 28 

Rock  Drill,  Blacksmith's  tools  for 453 

bits    for    450  &  451 

care  of   438  to  445 

data  for  Horse  Power 452 

fittings  for,  use  of  and  care  of 446 

hose  for,  use  of  and  care  of 448  &  449 

how   to  operate 423  to  437 

how   to   ship 417  &  418 

how   to    start 421 

pipe  for,  use  of  and  care  of 446 

setting   up    419  &  422 

Rock  Drilling,  cost  of 454  &  455 

by  steam,  cost  of 456 

Ropes,  acid  will  destroy 80 

Wire,  oiling  of 399 

Rubber  Stamps,  cutting  handles  of 50 

Rules  for  Bills,  handling  of 291  to  302 

for  Brickwork   306  to  370 

187 


RULE 

Rules  for  cards,  White  List 285  to  290 

for  constructing  tall  chimneys 355  to  370 

for  Cost  Report   (C  R) 254  to  261 

for  Daily  Letters   (D  L) 163  to  173 

for   Expense   Account 282  to  284 

for   Freight    303  to  305 

General Page    21 

for  handling  of  Bills 291  to  302 

ignorance  of,  violation  of 21 

for  making   Concrete 371  to  386 

Mortar    333  to  340 

Scaffold 344 

for  Material  (M)   Sheets 202  to  216 

for  operating  Rock  Drills 423  to  437 

for   Photograph   System 90  to  101 

for    Purchase    Requisitions 249  to  253 

Plumb,   care  of 85 

for   Requisitions 249  to  253 

for   running  Engines 482  to  489 

for  signing  Orders  (O) 234 

for  signing  Teaming  (T)  Tickets 176 

for  Setting  Valves 495  to  505 

for  Steady  Pay  Men 56  &    57 

for  Suggestions  and  Reports 49 

for    Tool    list 268  to  278 

for  use  of  Air  Compressors 457  to  460 

for  use  of  Cash  Account   (C) 262  to  267 

for  use  of  Orders  (O) 219  to  238 

for  White  List  Cards 285  to  290 

Safety  Valve,  inspection  of 530  &  531 

Sampling    Cement    385 

Sand,  for  Concrete  specifications  for 374 

measuring  of    147  to  150 

use  to  put  out  burning  oil,  etc 79 

188 


Scaffold,  center  boards,  making  of 354 

Gilbreth,  economy  of 346 

inspection   of    344  to  354 

Rules  for  making 344  to  354 

Scale,   Boiler,  notes  on 414 

Sewer  Pipes,  City,  location  of 124  to  127 

Schedules 8 

Settlements,   see   Photographing  System 90 

Shipping  Engines,  how  to  ship 483 

Shipping    Rock    Drills 417  &  418 

Shortages  in  Materials,  etc 10 

Shovels,  new,  advantage  of 87 

old,   give   to   Engineer 87  &  406 

Signs,  list  of,   furnished  by  office 55 

Portable  for  Photographing 54 

Rules  for  use  and  placing  of 53  to    55 

Signing  Agreements,  cautions  against 28 

Orders   (O),  Rules  for 234 

Teaming  Tickets  (T),  Rules  for 176 

Telegrams    279  to  281 

Signals,  use  of,  for  Elevators 51 

for    Boom    Derrick •     52 

Sizes  of  Pipes,  Data  on 553 

Sketches,  return  of  32 

Small  tools,  where  kept 83 

Smoking,   Rules  governing 26 

Snap  Shots,  how  and  when  to  take 102  to  106 

Specifications  for  sand  in  concrete  work. 374 

Speed  work,  see  Scaffold 346 

Spirit  levels,  care  of 85 

Splines,  gauges  for 36 

Stamps,  rubber,  cutting  handles  of 50 

Stamping  of  tools 81 

Standard   weight  of  Wrought  Iron  Pipe Page  161 

Starting  new  contracts,  instructions  on 14 

supplies    wanted    14  &  123 

189 


Slate  Pinners,  measuring  of 147  to  150 

Steady  Pay  Men,  addresses  on  file 67 

rules  for   56  &   57 

see    Apprentice    Boys 65 

see  importance  of  Harmony 69 

suppressing  Subscriptions   66 

to  maintain  reputation  of  Firm 70 

Steam  Engines,   care  of 482  &  489 

Centrifugal  Pumps,  Tables  on Pages  167  to  169 

Gauges,  kind  of 555  &  556 

Pumps,  reciprocating,  notes  on 570 

Rock  Drilling,  cost  of 454 

Steel  bars,  to  find  the  weight  of 129 

checking  of   9 

covering  with  mortar 328 

tapes     30 

Stone,  Artificial,  tables  for  computing 386 

Broken,   measuring  of 147  to  150 

Cut,  washing  of 343 

Cut,  wedges  for 331 

Dimension,  checking  of 9 

Storehouse    62 

Storing  Acid,  instructions  as  to 73 

Cement,    Rule    for 62 

Dynamite     73 

Storing  Explosives,  instructions  as  to 73 

Exploders    76 

Gasoline   77,  78  &  79 

Lime,  Rule  for 62 

Oil,  instructions  as  to 73 

Storing  of  Powder 73 

Tools     63 

Strapping   Boards    41 

Strength  of  Concrete,  Compressive 380 

Stretchers  in  Brickwork,  see 307 

190 


Sticks,   measuring    41 

Subscriptions  for  presents,  etc 66 

Sub-Contractors,  to  pay  for  telephone  calls 48 

Sub-Divisions,  importance  of  marking 137 

work  and  orders 43 

Suction  Hose,  care  of 

Suggestions,  Boxes  for  receipt  of Page    28 

Prizes   for    Page    28 

Rules    for    49 

Superintendent,  Handle  work  to  cause  letters  of 

recommendation    72 

orders  from  Owner,  etc 6 

responsibility  for  Camera  and  Transit.     97  &  39 

responsibility  for  Daily  Letters 163  to  173 

see  Apprentice  Boys 65 

see  importance  of  Harmony 69 

see  Timekeeper,   duties  of 64 

see  tool  boxes,  making  of 63 

suppressing  subscriptions 66 

Supplies,  Office,  wanted  for  new  Contracts 14  &  123 

and  Fittings  of  Engine 511 

System   for   Photographs 90  to  101 

Setting  up  the  Gilbreth  Scaffold Page  103 

Taking  down  the  Gilbreth  Scaffold Page  106 

Tables  and  Formulae  for  Concrete 386 

for  checking  quantities 128 

Table  of  data  on  Centrifugal  Pumps Pages  167  to  169 

weights  of  Standard  Wrought  Iron  Pipe.  .Page  161 

Tall   Chimneys,  construction  of 355  to  370 

Tanks  of  Air  Compressors 461 

Tapes    30 

Tar,  how  to  put  out  burning 79 

Team  work,  advantage  of 69 

Teaming  Tickets   (T),  use  of 174  to  176 

191 


Telegrams,   how    to    address 2  &  279  to  280 

Rules    for   sending,    etc 279  to  281 

Telephone,  Important  numbers  posted 47 

Long  Distance  calls 45 

Sub-Contractors'   calls   charged 48 

where  placed    44 

Temporary  Water   Closets 27 

Testing  Boilers 548 

Cement    385 

T.  Tickets,  duplicates 139  &  140 

T.  Tickets,  when  given 138  to  150 

Tickets    (T)    Teaming,   use  of 174  to  176 

Ties,  wire  cloth,  in  chimneys 355 

Time  Exposures,  how,  when  and  where  to  take 107  to  109 

Book  Sheets  (T  B),  Rules  for 182  to  201 

Charging  of  Division 13 

Timekeepers,  duty  of 64 

how  report  and  to  whom 58 

Responsibility  for  Daily  Letters 163  to  173 

see  Apprentice  Boys 65 

see  importance  of  "Harmony" 69 

suppression   subscriptions    ,  66 

Timber,  how  to  measure 131 

Ting,  see  Brickwork 308 

Tool  House,  no  dynamite  stored  in 73 

store   no   gasoline 78 

Tool  Boxes,  making  of 63 

Box  for  small  tools 83 

Chest  for  Boiler 415 

Tools,  adjustment  of 490 

branding  of 81 

Blacksmith's,  for  Rock  Drills 453 

Boiler,  Kinds  of 555  &  556 

borrowing  of   535 

care  of  81  to  89 

carpenter  with  best  tools  given  preference 37 

102 


Tools,  in  working  order  when  shipped 89 

list  of Pages  79  to  84 

list  (T  L),  Rules  for 268  to  278 

purchasing,  preference  to 38 

repairing  of  82 

receipt  from  Engineer 404 

storing  of  63 

stamping  of  81 

small,  where  kept 83 

Transits   30  &  39 

Tubes,  Boiler,  ordering  new 560  &  563 

cure  of  leaking 551 

plugging  of  552 

Tube  Expanders,  best  kind,  size  of 551 

Unions,  Agreements  with 22 

Business  agents  19 

treatment  of  18 

United  Concrete  Machinery  Company 384 

Vacations,  address  of  Steady  Pay  Men  to  be  on  file 67 

Valves  for  Air  Compressors,  use  of 468  &  469 

blow  off,  condition  of 543 

feed,  Engineers  responsibility  for 532 

Plug,  for  Blow  off  cock 559 

remedy  of  dirty 572 

Safety,  inspection  of 530  &  531 

setting  of,  Rules  for 495  to  505 

Velox  paper  used  for  Photo  prints 117 

Violations  of  rules 21 

Water,  amount  required  for  Boilers 565 

amount  used  in  Portland  Cement 373 

Closets  27 

cooling  of,  for  Air  Compressors 463 

gauges,  Kind  01 557  &  558 

193 


Water,  keep  water  in  Ash  Box 411 

barrels,   for   Engines 407  &  408 

Departments,  plans  of  City  pipes 124  to  127 

Pipes,  City,  location  of 124  to  127 

Wash  Boiler   528 

Washing  Cut  Stone 343 

Wedges,  Best  kind  for  Cut  Stone 331 

Weight  of  Cast  Iron  Plates,  how  to  find 130 

Iron  Bars,  how  to  find 129 

Steel  Bars,  how  to  find -. 129 

Wrought   Iron   Pipe Page  161 

Where  Manifold  Forms  are  to  be  sent 151  to  162 

White  List  Cards,  Rules  for 32  &  285  to  290 

Whistles,   Rules   concerning 23 

Window  Frames,  setting  of 310 

how   checked    9 

Wire  cloth  ties  in  chimney  work 355 

for  use  in  forms 377 

ropes,  oiling  of 399 

Wooden  Beams,  not  touched  with  mortar 329 

Wedges,  for  cut  stone 331 

Workmen's  Checks,  use  of 181 

envelopes,  unclaimed,  disposal  of 200 

names,  wanted    17 

time,   division   of 13 

Written   Orders    215  &217 

Wrought  Iron  Pipe,  Standard  weights  of Page  161 


194 


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Quarrying  Stone — Open  Cut  Excavation — Methods  and  Costs  on  the  Chicago 
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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


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